Library 1609 studies · 119 landmark
The canon (discovery, genetics, the consensus documents, every trial of an Lp(a)-specific agent, the trial biobank analyses) and the newest publications, grouped by primary topic and ranked by significance. Archive by year · How items are chosen and scored.
RNA therapeuticsOral inhibitionApheresisPCSK9 inhibitionCETP inhibitionStatinsAortic stenosisGeneticsTestingGuidelinesInflammationMechanismsEpidemiologyTherapy
RNA therapeutics 187
Antisense and siRNA agents against LPA: phase 1 to 3.
- OCEAN(a)-DOSE: olpasiran lowers Lp(a) by more than 95 percent in patients with ASCVD (O'Donoghue et al., NEJM 2022)
- Pelacarsen (AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx) lowers Lp(a) by up to 80 percent in patients with cardiovascular disease: the phase 2 trial (Tsimikas et al., NEJM 2020)
- Lp(a)FRONTIERS APHERESIS: pelacarsen replaces lipoprotein apheresis in 25 of 26 patients (Parhofer et al., EHJ 2026)
- Design and rationale of Lp(a)HORIZON, the first Lp(a) outcomes trial: pelacarsen in 8,323 patients (Cho, Nicholls, Nordestgaard et al., Am Heart J 2025)
- ALPACA: lepodisiran 400 mg lowers Lp(a) by 94 percent from day 60 to 180, and by 95 percent over a year with a second dose (Nissen et al., NEJM 2025)
- IONIS-APO(a)Rx and the GalNAc-conjugated APO(a)-LRx: two dose-ranging trials (Viney et al., Lancet 2016)
- ALPACAR: zerlasiran lowers time-averaged Lp(a) by more than 80 percent over 36 weeks in ASCVD (Nissen et al., JAMA 2024)
- Lepodisiran phase 1: a single 608 mg dose keeps Lp(a) 94 percent down at day 337 (Nissen et al., JAMA 2023)
- Olpasiran, a GalNAc-conjugated siRNA against LPA: preclinical development and phase 1 (Koren et al., Nat Med 2022)
- First antisense drug against apo(a) in humans: ISIS-APO(a)Rx phase 1 (Tsimikas et al., Lancet 2015)
- APOLLO: single ascending doses of SLN360 (zerlasiran) lower Lp(a) by up to 98 percent (Nissen et al., JAMA 2022)
- Potent Lp(a) lowering with apo(a) antisense reduces pro-inflammatory activation of monocytes (Stiekema et al., EHJ 2020)
175 more in RNA therapeutics
- Olpasiran lowers oxidised phospholipids on apoB by about 90 percent without moving hs-CRP or IL-6: OCEAN(a)-DOSE (Rosenson et al., JAMA Cardiol 2025)
- After stopping olpasiran, Lp(a) stays 40 to 50 percent below baseline for nearly a year: OCEAN(a)-DOSE extension (O'Donoghue et al., JACC 2024)
- Zerlasiran single and multiple doses in ASCVD patients: Lp(a) down 90 percent at 201 days after two doses (Nissen et al., JAMA 2024)
- Pelacarsen lowers Lp(a) cholesterol and reveals how much of 'LDL-C' is really Lp(a) (Yeang et al., JACC 2022)
- Lp(a)-lowering therapies: a promising future (Zhang, Navar, Tokgozoglu, EHJ 2026)
- Olpasiran and apolipoprotein B particles: what siRNA-mediated Lp(a) removal does to the apoB pool (Zimerman et al., JAMA Cardiol 2025)
- A Global Think Tank of major cardiovascular societies reaches unanimous consensus on standardising Lp(a) measurement, but not on universal screening (J Clin Lipidol 2021)
- New antisense and RNA interference drugs may lower Lp(a) by up to 90%, a JCL Roundtable expert discussion on the emerging risk factor (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Olpasiran tops a network meta-analysis of 51 trials (17,810 patients) ranking Lp(a)-lowering therapies against PCSK9 inhibitors (Diabetes Obes Metab 2026)
- Olpasiran leads a network meta-analysis of 25 trials (7,715 patients) ranking every Lp(a)-lowering agent (Pharmacol Res 2026)
- Olpasiran ranks as the most effective Lp(a)-lowering therapy, network meta-analysis of 1,432 patients (Front Cardiovasc Med 2026)
- Olpasiran cuts Lp(a) by 92% in a network meta-analysis of 14 trials, outperforming non-targeted siRNAs like inclisiran, though zerlasiran raises injection-site safety flags (Diabetes Obes Metab 2025)
- Tsimikas marks Lp(a)'s 61st birthday with an ATVB Centennial essay on six decades of discovery and three ongoing outcome trials (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024)
- Pelacarsen cut Lp(a) by 80% in phase 2, letting 98% of patients reach target levels, as the 7,680-patient Lp(a)HORIZON outcomes trial enrolls, a JACC Focus Seminar (J Am Coll Cardiol 2021)
- Antisense drug IONIS-APO(a)Rx reveals standard LDL-C tests overestimate true LDL-C by up to 50% in high-Lp(a) patients, a phase 2 trial (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Mipomersen cuts Lp(a) by 26% across diverse hypercholesterolaemia populations, a pooled analysis of 4 phase 3 trials and 382 patients (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015)
- The first antisense drug targeting apo(a) cuts Lp(a) by up to 25% and oxidized phospholipids by up to 92.5% in mice, a foundational study (J Am Coll Cardiol 2011)
- Mipomersen cuts Lp(a) by about 75% in transgenic mice, an early study establishing the antisense drug's mechanism (Circulation 2008)
- Five late-stage RNA and small-molecule Lp(a) therapies near approval, from pelacarsen to muvalaplin (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2026)
- Twenty clinical trials map the Lp(a)-lowering therapeutic landscape across three drug classes, review (J Clin Med 2026)
- From apheresis to CRISPR: review maps every Lp(a)-lowering therapy in development (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2026)
- Zerlasiran cuts Lp(a) by up to 97.8% in a Japanese phase 1 trial of 18 participants (J Atheroscler Thromb 2026)
- Lp(a)FRONTIERS EXPANSION enrols 422 Black and Hispanic patients for a pelacarsen trial, ahead of schedule (Am J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- The Lp(a) implementation gap: screening stays below 1% despite affecting 20% of the world, review (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2026)
- Early health-technology assessment finds both olpasiran and pelacarsen highly cost-effective for secondary CHD prevention in Bulgaria (Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2026)
- A practical roadmap for managing elevated Lp(a) today, from apheresis's 60-75% cut to RNA agents' 80-95%, while outcomes trials are pending (Semin Thromb Hemost 2025)
- Pelacarsen, olpasiran, lepodisiran and zerlasiran cut Lp(a) by 80 to almost 100%, with phase 3 outcomes readouts possible in 2026, pipeline review finds (Expert Opin Pharmacother 2025)
- Lp(a) as a shared driver of atherosclerosis, aortic stenosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm, with lowering therapies now in outcomes trials (Annu Rev Med 2026)
- Zerlasiran's long half-life and infrequent dosing make it a promising siRNA candidate for lowering Lp(a), phase 2 review finds, with phase 3 outcomes still to come (Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2025)
- Lepodisiran achieved up to 97% Lp(a) reduction in phase 1, with a durable phase 2 effect and phase 3 outcomes trials now underway, updated review finds (Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2025)
- Lp(a)'s link to venous thromboembolism stays unsettled even as new agents cut Lp(a) by up to 98%, review by a KOL-heavy author group finds (Thromb Haemost 2025)
- A single olpasiran dose cut Lp(a) by up to 99.2% in Chinese participants, phase 1 trial finds, with no ethnic dose adjustment needed (Clin Ther 2025)
- Seven investigational agents, from siRNAs to a gene-editing candidate and a repurposed CETP inhibitor, now target Lp(a) in clinical trials, review finds (Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 2025)
- Olpasiran and pelacarsen cut Lp(a) by 85-90%, with phase 3 outcome trials testing whether this prevents aortic stenosis progression (Int J Mol Sci 2023)
- Gene-silencing drugs cut Lp(a) by 70-90% and LDL-C by over 30%, positioning PCSK9 and Lp(a) as the leading targets for RNA-based cardiovascular therapy, a review (Clin Ther 2023)
- About 20% of people carry elevated Lp(a), and phase 3 outcome trials of pelacarsen and olpasiran are now testing whether lowering it reduces cardiovascular events (Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024)
- Every RNA-based Lp(a) drug tested lowers it by more than 90%, a systematic assessment of 22 trials of pelacarsen, olpasiran, SLN360 and LY3819469 (J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023)
- Trial design challenges for Lp(a)-lowering therapies take center stage as pelacarsen and olpasiran enter phase 3 outcomes trials, a JACC Focus Seminar (J Am Coll Cardiol 2023)
- Pelacarsen lowers Lp(a) by up to 106% in healthy Japanese subjects, supporting the 80 mg monthly dose used in the Lp(a)HORIZON trial (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- Pelacarsen and olpasiran achieve up to 90% Lp(a) reductions, positioning routine Lp(a) testing as clinically essential, a review (Curr Opin Lipidol 2023)
- Olpasiran cuts Lp(a) by up to 99% with similar effect in Japanese and non-Japanese subjects, a phase 1 dose-finding trial (Clin Ther 2022)
- The OCEAN(a)-DOSE trial enrolls 281 patients to find olpasiran optimal dose ahead of a cardiovascular outcomes trial (Am Heart J 2022)
- SLN360 sustains up to 95% Lp(a) reduction for at least 9 weeks in cynomolgus monkeys, preclinical data ahead of human trials (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Pelacarsen lowers Lp(a) equally regardless of LPA genotype or apo(a) isoform size, a pooled analysis of 455 patients across 4 trials (Atherosclerosis 2021)
- A new assay measuring Lp(a)-carried cholesterol shows standard LDL-C tests overestimate true LDL by up to 17 mg/dL, in patients with high Lp(a) (J Lipid Res 2021)
- Antisense oligonucleotide cuts Lp(a) by 69%, but does not affect fibrinolysis, a placebo-controlled trial of 17 patients (J Lipid Res 2019)
- About one-third of aortic stenosis cases are linked to high Lp(a) and oxidized phospholipids, a review of emerging Lp(a)-targeted therapies (Circ Res 2019)
- An estimated 5 million people with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide have Lp(a) high enough to double aortic valve calcification risk, a review (Atherosclerosis 2019)
- Mipomersen lowers Lp(a) mainly by speeding its clearance, not by reducing production, a kinetic study of 14 healthy volunteers (J Lipid Res 2018)
- Combining PCSK9 inhibitors with apo(a) antisense therapy may best address residual risk in the 1 in 3 FH patients with high Lp(a), a review (Eur Heart J 2017)
- Antisense therapy can cut Lp(a) by up to 90% in phase 1/2 trials, as three treatment approaches converge on the 'revenant' lipoprotein, a review (Eur Heart J 2017)
- Statins may worsen aortic stenosis by raising Lp(a) and oxidized phospholipids, a review of Lp(a)-targeted therapy in calcific aortic valve disease (Curr Opin Cardiol 2016)
- Niacin lowers oxidized phospholipids and Lp(a), but statins raise both by over 20%, a study of 591 patients plus a review of 12 trials and 3896 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2016)
- The CHARGE consortium's discovery that LPA variants cause aortic valve calcification affects over 2.5 million North Americans, a review by the discovering author (J Lipid Res 2016)
- ISIS-APO(a)Rx cuts Lp(a) by up to 89% in a phase 1 trial, the first drug specifically designed to lower Lp(a), a review of antisense inhibition of apo(a) (J Lipid Res 2016)
- Lp(a) above 25 mg/dL affects 30% of Caucasians and up to 70% of Black people, a rationale for developing targeted Lp(a) therapies (J Am Coll Cardiol 2012)
- Adding a specific phospholipid to LDL blocks Lp(a) assembly and transiently lowers Lp(a) by 18.6% in mice, a mechanistic study (J Lipid Res 2009)
- A synthetic peptide's arginine swap cuts the dose needed to block Lp(a) assembly eight-fold, a structural study (J Lipid Res 2004)
- A synthetic apoB peptide blocks Lp(a) assembly far more effectively than a standard lysine analogue, a structural study (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003)
- High Lp(a) impairs new blood vessel growth after limb ischemia, but a growth-factor gene therapy restores it in mice (Circulation 2002)
- Only apheresis is FDA-approved for Lp(a) today, review of the RNA-therapeutics pipeline moving to phase 3 outcomes trials (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Zerlasiran cuts Lp(a) by 80% or more at 36 weeks in phase 2, review of mechanisms and evidence (Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2026)
- Olpasiran achieves more than 95% Lp(a) reduction in OCEAN(a)-DOSE, review of its pharmacology and trial data (Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2026)
- Lepodisiran advances to phase 3 ACCLAIM-Lp(a) outcomes trial, updated review (Cardiol Rev 2026)
- Lp(a) drives residual cardiovascular risk after ACS, with RNA therapies pending outcome-trial confirmation, review (J Clin Med 2026)
- RNA interference could become the standard of care for lipid disorders, review of siRNA therapeutics beyond LDL-C (Curr Opin Lipidol 2026)
- Lp(a) explains part of the residual vascular risk in diabetes, driving both macro- and microvascular damage, review argues (Int J Mol Sci 2025)
- Lp(a) biology and the full emerging-therapy pipeline, review spanning ASOs to CRISPR and obicetrapib (Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2026)
- Pelacarsen (TQJ230) achieved up to 97% Lp(a) reduction in phase 1/2 trials, with phase 3 outcomes data still awaited, updated review finds (Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2025)
- Mild hepatic impairment modestly raises pelacarsen exposure but does not compromise its safety, phase 1 study finds (Clin Transl Sci 2025)
- Lepodisiran sustained over 90% Lp(a) reduction and durable effects through a year of biannual dosing in the phase 2 ALPACA trial, narrative review finds (World J Cardiol 2025)
- Olpasiran's infrequent dosing could make it a cost-effective route to profound Lp(a) reduction, review argues, with phase 3 OCEAN(a)-OUTCOMES now underway (Cardiol Rev 2025)
- Pirillo and Catapano review how Lp(a)-targeted RNA therapies and the oral inhibitor muvalaplin are reshaping cardiovascular risk assessment (Eur J Intern Med 2025)
- Peripheral artery disease patients carry high residual risk from Lp(a), and RNA-targeted therapies could finally address it, Nicholls argues (Curr Opin Lipidol 2025)
- siRNA agents for Lp(a) mark a path toward precision cardiovascular medicine, review by Kanbay and Zoccali's group argues (Eur J Clin Invest 2025)
- From GalNAc-conjugated injectables to the oral inhibitor muvalaplin, review surveys the Lp(a)-lowering pipeline and calls for an isoform-independent assay standard (Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025)
- A systematic review of 20 RCTs confirms siRNA therapies significantly lower Lp(a) with mostly mild side effects (Egypt Heart J 2025)
- Pelacarsen, olpasiran and lepodisiran have shown Lp(a) reductions from -35% to -101% across phase 1/2 trials, review of the therapeutic pipeline finds (Curr Opin Lipidol 2025)
- Early health-economic modelling of olpasiran and pelacarsen offers a preview of Lp(a)-lowering RNA therapies' value ahead of outcomes-trial results, review argues (Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2025)
- Review surveys ten RNA-based agents targeting Lp(a), PCSK9, ApoC-III and ANGPTL3 in dyslipidaemia (Int J Mol Sci 2025)
- Systematic review of 20 trials and 6,651 patients finds lepodisiran and olpasiran cut apolipoprotein(a) by 75.69% in hyperlipoproteinemia(a) (J Exp Pharmacol 2025)
- Annual review names 2024 "the year of lipoprotein(a)" as three RNA-based Lp(a)-lowering agents advance through outcome trials (Arch Med Sci 2025)
- Review by Nicholls and Nelson asks which patients stand to benefit most as Lp(a)-lowering agents near approval (Kardiol Pol 2025)
- Review details how pelacarsen's GalNAc-conjugated antisense design achieved an 80% or greater Lp(a) reduction in phase 2b, now being tested for outcomes in Lp(a)HORIZON (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Review argues an absolute Lp(a) drop of at least 50 mg/dL is needed for cardiovascular benefit as pelacarsen, olpasiran and muvalaplin near outcome data (Front Med 2025)
- Thanassoulis and Anchouche map the Lp(a)-lowering drug pipeline as pelacarsen and olpasiran near their first phase 3 readouts (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024)
- Boffa and Koschinsky review the biochemistry behind Lp(a)'s disease-causing potential as phase 3 outcome trials advance (Biochem J 2024)
- Systematic review of 29 studies finds statins, fibrates and ezetimibe do little for Lp(a), while apheresis and PCSK9 inhibitors work (Cureus 2024)
- Nicholls reviews mipomersen, pelacarsen, RNAi agents and muvalaplin as guidelines already push universal Lp(a) measurement (Drugs 2024)
- Review surveys the Lp(a)-lowering pipeline from antisense oligonucleotides to CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing (Eur J Clin Invest 2024)
- Nordestgaard and Langsted review Lp(a) drugs achieving up to a 106% relative reduction as phase 3 trials near completion (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024)
- About a quarter of the world has Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL, and gene-silencing drugs dosed a few times a year could finally lower it robustly, a review (Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2024)
- Olpasiran and pelacarsen could be cost-effective at AU$1867 and AU$984 per year for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, an early Australian health technology assessment (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- New ASO and siRNA drugs cut Lp(a) by up to 98%, far beyond what existing lipid-lowering therapies achieve, a review argues we are not yet ready to treat Lp(a) (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023)
- Traditional Lp(a) drugs barely reach 50% reduction while new RNA-interfering agents may exceed 95%, a review of emerging pharmacotherapies (Int J Mol Sci 2023)
- 20-25% of people worldwide have Lp(a) 50 mg/dL or above, and existing drugs barely touch it while three new agents in development could change that, a review (Pharmacotherapy 2023)
- Inclisiran needs only two doses a year to sustain LDL-C lowering, with the ORION/VICTORION program also tracking its effect on Lp(a), a review (Pharmaceuticals 2023)
- Antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs cut Lp(a) by 98-101% in recent trials, though whether this reduces cardiovascular events remains unknown, a review (Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2023)
- Lp(a) promotes aortic valve calcification via a 'three hit' mechanism, lipid deposition, inflammation and autotaxin transport, a review of emerging RNA treatments (J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023)
- Statins raise Lp(a) while PCSK9 inhibitors and RNA therapies lower it, a 57-year literature review of pharmacological effects on Lp(a) (Endocr Pract 2023)
- SLN360 is well tolerated in preclinical rat and primate studies, with reversible liver/kidney effects and no off-target toxicity (Toxicol Sci 2022)
- Pelacarsen, olpasiran and SLN360 lower Lp(a) by up to 90%, with pelacarsen phase 3 outcome trial due in 2024, a review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022)
- PCSK9 inhibitors and apheresis are the only current Lp(a)-lowering options proven to also cut cardiovascular risk, while ASOs and siRNAs may exceed 70% reduction, a review (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- 1.4 billion people worldwide have elevated Lp(a), and siRNA drugs dosed just 3-4 times a year could finally treat it, a review (Cardiovasc Res 2022)
- About 1 in 5 people has Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL, and it raises cardiovascular risk even with LDL cholesterol below 70 mg/dL, a review (J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022)
- Lp(a)-lowering could become the third pillar of lipid therapy alongside LDL-C and triglycerides, a Dutch perspective on eradicating lipid-driven cardiovascular risk (Neth Heart J 2022)
- Over 20% of the population has Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL, and antisense oligonucleotides can cut it by up to 90% as the Lp(a)HORIZON outcomes trial nears results, a review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021)
- Genetics explains 80-90% of Lp(a) variation, up to 1000-fold between people, and antisense drugs can cut it 80% as the HORIZON trial nears, a review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021)
- Pelacarsen cuts Lp(a) by up to 80%, one of five RNA-targeted drugs reshaping dyslipidaemia treatment, a review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021)
- APO(a)Lrx (pelacarsen) can cut Lp(a) by up to 80%, far surpassing PCSK9 inhibitors, in patients where Lp(a) explains 5-20% of suspected FH diagnoses, a review (J Clin Med 2020)
- Antisense apo(a) and apoB inhibitors could cut Lp(a) by up to 80%, a review of Lp(a)-lowering strategies for coronary disease (Drugs 2020)
- Elevated Lp(a) affects 30-50% of familial hypercholesterolaemia patients, compounding their inherited cardiovascular risk, a review of emerging RNA-based therapy (J Intern Med 2020)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL raises cardiovascular risk, above 180 mg/dL matches familial hypercholesterolaemia, a review 57 years after Lp(a) discovery (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020)
- Antisense drug IONIS-APO(a)-LRX cuts Lp(a) by 90% in a phase 2 trial, a review of Lp(a) and atherosclerotic disease (Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2019)
- Antisense drug AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx cuts Lp(a) by up to 80% as a phase 3 outcomes trial is planned, a review of antisense oligonucleotides for Lp(a) (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2019)
- Antisense therapy could push Lp(a) below the 30-50 mg/dL risk threshold, a review of Lp(a) mechanisms and emerging therapeutics (Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018)
- Lp(a) varies by more than 25% at some point in 40% of placebo patients in antisense trials, a temporal variability study of 52 subjects (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Apheresis lowers Lp(a) by over 60%, while a phase 1 antisense drug reaches 88.8%, a review of Lp(a)-lowering options (Atheroscler Suppl 2017)
- Elevated Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL affects 1 in 5 people worldwide, a review of modern genomic insights into Lp(a) (Curr Opin Lipidol 2017)
- Apheresis remains the only option for very high Lp(a) since no drug lowers it without affecting other lipids, a review of Lp(a)-lowering treatments (Curr Med Chem 2017)
- Antisense drug IONIS-APO(a)Rx cuts Lp(a) by about 80%, a review of apolipoprotein(a) antisense oligonucleotides (Curr Pharm Des 2017)
- Lp(a)-lowering therapies range from 20% modest to 80% dramatic reductions, a review of emerging options for cardiovascular prevention (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2016)
- Elevated Lp(a) above 30 mg/dL affects 20-30% of the global population, a review of emerging Lp(a)-lowering therapies (Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016)
- Apheresis cuts cardiovascular events by more than 80% in patients with elevated Lp(a), a review of lipoprotein apheresis and its future alongside PCSK9 inhibitors and antisense drugs (Med Devices (Auckl) 2016)
- Apheresis remains the only proven Lp(a)-lowering therapy in Europe, cutting levels by 60-70% per session, a review of current treatment options (Atheroscler Suppl 2015)
- Lipoprotein apheresis: From familial hypercholesterolemia and elevated lipoprotein(a) to emerging roles in peripheral arterial and renal disease
- Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets of RNA-Based and Traditional Lipid-Lowering Agents in Residual Cardiovascular Risk: A Scoping Review of Key Directions Towards Future Perspectives
- From niacin to oral small molecules, review maps every strategy for lowering Lp(a) (J Clin Med 2026)
- Lp(a) rises as kidney function declines, adding unaddressed cardiovascular risk in CKD, review (Cardiorenal Med 2026)
- A pharmacology review surveys the antisense, siRNA and small-molecule agents advancing Lp(a) therapy beyond LDL pathways (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2025)
- Lp(a)-targeted RNA therapies cut levels by 80-100%, but outcome data are still pending, Korean review (Korean Circ J 2026)
- Lp(a) as a multisystem risk factor beyond the heart, and what RNA-based therapies could mean for renal, autoimmune and neurological disease, review argues (Life Sci 2025)
- Lp(a) tracks with PAD incidence and limb-threatening ischaemia severity, but whether lowering it helps patients remains untested, review finds (Curr Opin Lipidol 2025)
- From niacin's 20% cut to apo(a)-targeted drugs' 80% reduction, a mini review maps the full spectrum of Lp(a)-lowering options (J Clin Med Res 2025)
- Review maps twelve active Lp(a)-lowering drug trials, including three phase 3 outcome studies, still awaiting proof of cardiovascular benefit (Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2025)
- Review explains why statins raise Lp(a) by 10-20% while PCSK9 inhibitors and inclisiran lower it, ahead of dedicated Lp(a) drugs (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024)
- Review surveys Lp(a)'s biochemistry, disease associations, and the emerging case for pharmacological Lp(a) reduction (J Clin Med 2024)
- Review traces Lp(a) research from Kare Berg's 1963 discovery to five emerging Lp(a)-lowering agents now in trials (Curr Probl Cardiol 2024)
- Review surveys Lp(a) as a risk-enhancing factor and aortic stenosis driver as ASO and siRNA therapies enter phase 3 (Am J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Review updates on four RNAi drugs that cut Lp(a) by more than 80%, now entering phase 3 outcome trials (Curr Opin Cardiol 2024)
- Review takes stock of Lp(a)'s role in atherosclerosis and thrombosis while highlighting muvalaplin's oral-inhibitor promise (Int J Mol Sci 2024)
- Review surveys the full Lp(a)-lowering toolkit, from statins and PCSK9 inhibitors to apheresis, CETP inhibitors and RNA-based agents (Life (Basel) 2024)
- Antisense and siRNA therapies have reopened the decades-long question of Lp(a)'s causal role, while US, Canadian and European testing guidance still diverges, review finds (Cardiol Rev 2025)
- Review asks whether RNA therapeutics can finally deliver effective Lp(a) lowering where prior drug classes failed (Cardiol Ther 2024)
- OCEAN(a)-DOSE shows dose-dependent Lp(a) lowering with olpasiran every 12 weeks, part of a broader review of siRNA therapies for dyslipidaemia (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023)
- Lp(a) is moving from a passive risk marker to an active therapeutic target in acute coronary syndromes, as ASOs and siRNAs enter phase 3, a review (Curr Pharm Des 2023)
- About 20% of Europeans have elevated Lp(a) that current lipid drugs cannot adequately lower, but four RNA-based agents in trials could close that gap, a review (Pharmaceuticals 2022)
- Pelacarsen, olpasiran and SLN360 headline a wave of recent Lp(a)-lowering RNA trials, with outcomes data the next frontier, a review (Curr Opin Lipidol 2022)
- Should children with high Lp(a) be treated with ASOs or siRNAs? A Dutch review argues yes, but only for those at highest cardiovascular risk (Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022)
- PCSK9 inhibitors modestly lower Lp(a) with cardiovascular benefit independent of LDL-C, while apheresis remains the most effective option, a review of modern approaches (Biomedicines 2021)
- No FDA-approved drug specifically lowers Lp(a) yet, but pelacarsen could change that, a clinical pharmacology review (Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2022)
- Apheresis remains the most effective Lp(a) treatment while antisense oligonucleotides show promise in phase 2 trials, a review from physiopathology to therapy (Biomedicines 2021)
- As Lp(a)-lowering drugs enter outcome trials, should everyone be screened? A review by a leading cardiologist weighs the case (Curr Cardiol Rep 2021)
- APO(a)LRx leads the field of antisense oligonucleotides targeting Lp(a)-driven residual cardiovascular risk, a review (J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021)
- Statins, fibrates and bile acid sequestrants fail to lower Lp(a), leaving newer ASOs, CETP and PCSK9 inhibitors as the most effective options, a review (Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2021)
- Genotyping for Lp(a)-raising variants adds little beyond simply measuring Lp(a) itself, a review of contemporary genetics and clinical use (Curr Opin Cardiol 2021)
- PCSK9 inhibitors and second-generation antisense oligonucleotides can now effectively lower Lp(a), though guidelines still stop short of recommending direct reduction, a review (Chonnam Med J 2021)
- PCSK9 inhibitors are the only current lipid drugs that both lower Lp(a) and reduce cardiovascular events, while niacin and CETP inhibitors fall short, a review (Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021)
- PCSK9 inhibitors remain the only drugs proven to reduce cardiovascular events partly via Lp(a), as gene-based therapies emerge, a review from pathophysiology to treatment (Ann Med 2020)
- Antisense apo(a) inhibitors could pair with statins for patients with both high Lp(a) and high LDL, as phase 3 data approaches, a review (Eur J Intern Med 2020)
- Testing and emerging RNA-targeted therapies for Lp(a), a review of the case for population risk screening (Cardiol Rev 2020)
- Lp(a) levels above 300 mg/L significantly raise cardiovascular risk, a review of Lp(a) structure, metabolism and emerging therapies (J Lipids 2020)
- Emerging apo(a)-targeted therapies could transform Lp(a) management, a review of Lp(a)'s role in preventive cardiology (Curr Opin Cardiol 2019)
- Lp(a) is shifting from a mere biomarker to a potential therapeutic target, a review of the evidence since its 1963 discovery (J Atheroscler Thromb 2019)
- Whether lowering Lp(a) on top of statins reduces cardiovascular risk remains unproven, a review of PCSK9 inhibitors and antisense drugs (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2019)
- Lp(a) clinical utility remains undefined despite mounting evidence for its causal role in atherosclerosis and aortic valve disease, a review of remaining questions (Curr Opin Lipidol 2018)
- The Lp(a) hypothesis awaits its first clinical trial test, unlike the LDL hypothesis, a review of Lp(a) and cardiovascular disease (Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2018)
- Lp(a) re-emerges as a major cardiology focus more than 50 years after its discovery, a review for preventive cardiology (Prog Lipid Res 2017)
- Lp(a)-lowering therapies remain limited despite proven links to residual cardiovascular risk, aortic stenosis and peripheral arterial disease, a review (Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2017)
- Diet and lifestyle barely affect genetically determined Lp(a), but new drugs finally can, a review of future directions for Lp(a) treatment (Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016)
- Guidelines recommend Lp(a) screening but treatment options remain scarce, a review of Lp(a) as an independent cardiovascular risk marker (Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2016)
- Proving Lp(a) lowering improves cardiovascular outcomes remains the field's next urgent challenge, a Dutch review of current Lp(a) therapies (J Lipid Res 2016)
- Numerous drugs developed for other lipid targets also lower Lp(a), but their clinical role remains undetermined, a review of the evolving Lp(a) therapeutic landscape (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015)
- New drugs like apoB antisense, MTP and CETP inhibitors could finally test whether lowering Lp(a) helps, a review on when to measure Lp(a) (Eur Heart J 2013)
- Lp(a)-targeted siRNAs and ASOs show promise in phase 2, review of residual cardiovascular risk (Cureus 2026)
Oral inhibition 7
Muvalaplin, the small-molecule inhibitor of Lp(a) assembly.
- KRAKEN: oral muvalaplin lowers Lp(a) by 82 to 86 percent on an intact-particle assay (Nicholls et al., JAMA 2025)
- Muvalaplin, the first oral inhibitor of Lp(a) formation: phase 1 (Nicholls et al., JAMA 2023)
- Nature paper unveils muvalaplin, an oral small molecule that blocks the very first step of Lp(a) particle assembly (Nature 2024)
- Muvalaplin cut Lp(a) by up to 85.5% on a novel intact assay in the phase 2 KRAKEN trial, review of the first oral Lp(a) inhibitor finds (Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2025)
- A new isoform-insensitive Lp(a) particle assay reveals commercial assays underestimated muvalaplin's efficacy (J Lipid Res 2025)
- Muvalaplin cuts Lp(a) by up to 86% in phase 2 without injection-site reactions, review (Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2026)
- Nicholls and colleagues review muvalaplin, the first oral Lp(a)-lowering agent, as it enters cardiovascular outcome testing (Curr Opin Lipidol 2024)
Apheresis 34
Lipoprotein apheresis: the German cohorts and its replacement.
- Lipoprotein apheresis cuts event rates in Lp(a) hyperlipoproteinaemia with progressive disease (Leebmann et al., Circulation 2013)
- Five years of lipoprotein apheresis for Lp(a)-associated disease: the German prospective follow-up (Roeseler et al., ATVB 2016)
- Twelve years of lipoprotein apheresis for Lp(a)-associated progressive ASCVD: Pro(a)LiFe (Klingel et al., Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Lp(a) and its significance in cardiovascular disease: a review (Duarte Lau and Giugliano, JAMA Cardiol 2022)
- The Australian Atherosclerosis Society issues a position statement recommending selective, not universal, Lp(a) screening for intermediate-to-high-risk patients (Heart Lung Circ 2023)
- Long-term lipoprotein apheresis cuts cardiovascular events by 72% in 25 patients with isolated elevated Lp(a), followed a mean 7.1 years (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- Lipoprotein apheresis improves clot formation and fibrinolysis markers in refractory angina patients with high Lp(a), a randomised crossover trial of 20 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2019)
- Lipoprotein apheresis improves myocardial perfusion and plaque burden in refractory angina patients with high Lp(a), a randomised crossover trial of 20 patients (Eur Heart J 2017)
- Managing progressive ASCVD in patients with elevated Lp(a) despite optimal LDL-C control, review (Anatol J Cardiol 2026)
- The impact of lipid apheresis on changes of lipoprotein(a): a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Chronic lipoprotein apheresis progresses aortic valve stenosis at a similar rate whether or not Lp(a) is elevated, 47-patient follow-up finds (Endocrine 2025)
- Lipoprotein apheresis remains the only approved Lp(a)-specific option for peripheral artery disease patients with elevated Lp(a), review finds (Curr Opin Lipidol 2025)
22 more in Apheresis
- Apheresis cuts Lp(a) by 75% and the CETP inhibitor obicetrapib by 40%, but a 100 mg/dL reduction is needed to match LDL-C's mortality benefit, review calculates (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2025)
- Lipoprotein apheresis removes cell-derived extracellular vesicles alongside Lp(a), a possible extra mechanism behind its benefit (Sci Rep 2024)
- A single apheresis session immediately clears over 60% of atherogenic apoB particles, remaining the mainstay treatment for FH and elevated Lp(a), a review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023)
- Lipoprotein apheresis lowers macrophage cholesterol-loading capacity alongside Lp(a), an Italian case-control study of 34 patients with two novel LPA variants (J Clin Lipidol 2020)
- A single apheresis session cuts LDL and Lp(a) by about 65%, a review of apheresis for severe hypercholesterolaemia and elevated Lp(a) (Pathology 2019)
- Lipoprotein apheresis cuts major cardiovascular events by 94% in US patients with high Lp(a) and normal LDL, a retrospective cohort of 14 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2019)
- Lp(a) above 200 mg/L raises cardiovascular risk through both atherogenic and thrombotic pathways, a review of Lp(a) molecular mechanisms (Prague Med Rep 2019)
- The only controlled trial of Lp(a)-specific apheresis showed plaque regression after 18 months, a review of Lp(a) apheresis (Curr Opin Lipidol 2016)
- A single apheresis session cuts Lp(a) by 60-75%, a review of lipoprotein apheresis for elevated Lp(a) (J Lipid Res 2016)
- A randomised sham-controlled crossover trial will test whether apheresis helps refractory angina patients with high Lp(a), a study protocol (Atheroscler Suppl 2015)
- Lp(a) affects 20% of the population, review of biology, guidelines and the emerging therapy pipeline (Eur Heart J Suppl 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) amplifies peripheral arterial disease risk and worsens outcomes, but apheresis remains the only approved lowering option, review finds (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- An isoform-insensitive Lp(a) assay correlates well with traditional polyclonal methods in apheresis patients, pilot study argues for standardisation (J Clin Apher 2025)
- Combined lipoprotein apheresis and hemodialysis cut cardiovascular events by 57% in 9 patients with severe cardiovascular disease and end-stage renal disease (J Clin Apher 2025)
- Lipoprotein apheresis reduces oxidative susceptibility of both Lp(a) and LDL particles, a possible mechanism behind its cardiovascular benefit (Int J Mol Sci 2024)
- Lipoprotein apheresis transiently depletes very-long-chain fatty acids for at least 7 days, with lasting effects after a year of regular treatment, in 28 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- Lp(a) is genetically fixed and diet-resistant, a review of its biology and response to statins, apheresis, PCSK9 and CETP inhibitors and antisense drugs (J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019)
- Lp(a) apheresis may reduce limb events in peripheral arterial disease as effectively as it reduces coronary events, a review (Clin Res Cardiol Suppl 2019)
- Ten studies confirm lipoprotein apheresis lowers Lp(a) and cardiovascular events, a critical literature review (Blood Transfus 2016)
- Recurrent in-stent restenosis with markedly elevated Lp(a) and no other risk factors leads to a rare lipid disorder diagnosis and apheresis, case report finds (Eur Heart J Case Rep 2025)
- A patient with Lp(a) 3.5 times the FH average developed clotting during apheresis, a case report (J Clin Lipidol 2016)
- LDL apheresis halted coronary disease progression in a 50-year-old with refractory angina and high Lp(a), a case report (J Clin Lipidol 2012)
PCSK9 inhibition 81
What evolocumab, alirocumab and inclisiran do to Lp(a) and to risk.
- Alirocumab-induced Lp(a) lowering independently predicts fewer MACE after ACS: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (Bittner et al., JACC 2020)
- Lp(a), PCSK9 inhibition and cardiovascular risk in FOURIER (O'Donoghue et al., Circulation 2019)
- Lp(a) predicts coronary events but not stroke, and evolocumab benefits at any Lp(a): VESALIUS-CV (Monguillon et al., Circulation 2026)
- Lp(a) and recurrent ASCVD in 273,770 US patients: risk rises continuously to a hazard ratio of 1.45 above 300 nmol/L (MacDougall et al., EHJ 2025)
- What existing lipid-lowering drugs do to Lp(a): meta-analysis of 147 RCTs (Xie et al., Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Lp(a) lowering by alirocumab reduces total cardiovascular events independent of LDL-C: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (Szarek et al., EHJ 2020)
- Arterial wall inflammation persists in high-Lp(a) patients despite 60 percent LDL-C lowering with evolocumab (Stiekema et al., EHJ 2019)
- Oxidised phospholipids on apoB predict MACE after ACS and alirocumab abolishes the relation: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (Tsimikas et al., Circulation 2025)
- Efficacy and Safety of Oral PCSK9 Inhibitor Enlicitide in Adults With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial
- The Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis issues a consensus statement on lipoprotein(a), testing limitations, cardiovascular risk and treatment recommendations (Clin Investig Arterioscler 2024)
- Alirocumab cuts cardiovascular events regardless of sex, with a larger benefit at higher baseline Lp(a) in women, ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- The Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis publishes a national consensus on lipoprotein(a) testing and management (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023)
69 more in PCSK9 inhibition
- Lp(a) reduction from PCSK9 inhibition does not independently lower cardiovascular events, a pooled analysis of 10 phase 3 alirocumab trials in 4983 patients (Atherosclerosis 2019)
- 2026 ACC/AHA guideline recommends universal one-time Lp(a) testing, review for endocrinologists on managing elevated levels (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2026)
- Lp(a) and oxidised phospholipids track myocardial inflammation after heart attack in a PCSK9-inhibitor trial (Nat Cardiovasc Res 2026)
- PCSK9 inhibitors cut Lp(a) by up to 47%, umbrella review of twenty-one meta-analyses and 231,796 patients (Drugs 2026)
- Evolocumab stabilises coronary plaque more effectively in ACS patients with high Lp(a) than low, HUYGENS trial secondary analysis of OCT imaging finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Alirocumab lowers both Lp(a) and LDL-C but they pull new-onset diabetes risk in opposite directions, cancelling out net effect, ODYSSEY OUTCOMES post-hoc analysis finds (Diabetes Care 2025)
- Meta-analysis of randomised trials confirms PCSK9 inhibitor antibodies cut Lp(a) by an average of 27% (JACC Adv 2025)
- PACMAN-AMI substudy shows high baseline Lp(a) blunts plaque lipid-core regression despite alirocumab plus high-intensity statins (Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2024)
- Mass, molar and mass-spectrometry Lp(a) assays predict cardiovascular risk and alirocumab benefit equally in 11,970 ODYSSEY OUTCOMES patients (Circulation 2024)
- PCSK9 inhibition lowers LDL cholesterol and Lp(a) discordantly in 20% of patients, a pooled analysis of 4 phase 3 evolocumab trials in 895 patients (J Am Heart Assoc 2019)
- PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies cut Lp(a) by 21.9% on average across 27 trials and 11,864 patients (Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2019)
- Alirocumab sustainably lowers Lp(a) by up to 29% over 1.5 years, a pooled analysis of 10 phase 3 ODYSSEY trials in 4915 patients (Am J Cardiol 2017)
- A PCSK9 loss-of-function mutation lowers Lp(a) and reduces aortic valve stenosis risk, a Danish study of 103 083 people (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016)
- Evolocumab cuts Lp(a) by up to 29.5%, a pooled analysis of 4 phase 2 trials and 1359 patients (J Am Coll Cardiol 2014)
- AMG145 (evolocumab) cuts Lp(a) by up to 32% in statin-treated patients, the LAPLACE-TIMI 57 phase 2 trial of 631 patients (Circulation 2013)
- No PCSK9-targeted agent beats another for lowering Lp(a), meta-analysis of thirty-one randomised trials (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- PCSK9 inhibitors lower Lp(a) by about 17% in real-world practice, with a bigger effect at higher baseline levels and a smaller effect in women, multi-center study finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Apo(a) isoform size, not baseline Lp(a), explains why PCSK9 inhibitor combination therapy lowers Lp(a) unevenly (CHORD study, J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- PCSK9 inhibitors cut MACE risk by 13% while lowering Lp(a) alongside LDL-C, meta-analysis of 12 RCTs and 48,116 coronary patients finds (Coron Artery Dis 2025)
- Evolocumab 140 mg or alirocumab 150 mg every two weeks are the most effective PCSK9 inhibitor doses for lowering Lp(a), a network meta-analysis of 41 trials (J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023)
- Alirocumab and evolocumab cut Lp(a) by about 20% in familial hypercholesterolaemia, a meta-analysis of 11 RCTs and 2,408 patients (Endokrynol Pol 2023)
- PCSK9 inhibition Lp(a)-lowering effect explains under 4% of its coronary disease benefit, a Mendelian randomisation study of 310,020 UK Biobank participants (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Lipoprotein(a) and Benefit of PCSK9 Inhibition in Patients With Nominally Controlled LDL Cholesterol
- PCSK9 inhibitors lower Lp(a) by 27%, with a bigger effect in the first 12 weeks than beyond, a meta-analysis of 64,107 patients across 41 trials (J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021)
- Alirocumab LDL-C and Lp(a)-lowering effects are discordant in 21.5% of patients, suggesting separate clearance pathways, a pooled analysis of 1,709 patients across 10 ODYSSEY phase 3 trials (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021)
- VLDL-apoE production may drive Lp(a) synthesis, a kinetic study of PCSK9 mutation carriers and niacin-treated patients (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020)
- PCSK9 inhibitors lower Lp(a) by 15-30%, and FOURIER shows most benefit in patients with high baseline Lp(a), a review (Curr Opin Lipidol 2019)
- Adding PCSK9 inhibitors to niacin further lowers Lp(a) by about 15%, a retrospective analysis of 150 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2019)
- Evolocumab lowers Lp(a) by cutting production alone, but by speeding clearance when combined with atorvastatin, a kinetic trial of 63 men (Eur Heart J 2018)
- Diabetes lowers Lp(a) but raises PCSK9, and CETP inhibition with torcetrapib cuts Lp(a) by 11.1%, a clinical trial analysis (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- PCSK9 and Lp(a) levels independently predict coronary calcium buildup in statin-treated FH patients, a study of 161 patients (Atherosclerosis 2016)
- Alirocumab slows cardiac graft vasculopathy only when LDL-C and Lp(a) are both raised, CAVIAR trial (JACC Heart Fail 2026)
- PCSK9 inhibitors lower Lp(a) by 20-30%, with tafolecimab strongest in East Asians, review (J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2026)
- PCSK9 inhibition leaves monocyte subsets unchanged but Lp(a) composition tracks inflammatory monocytes after MI (Atheroscler Plus 2026)
- Lipoprotein(a) levels in children with hypercholesterolemia
- Lp(a) independently predicts premature coronary disease 5-fold regardless of PCSK9, Malaysian cohort of 204 (Sci Rep 2026)
- Statins raise Lp(a) while PCSK9 and CETP inhibitors lower it, review of current and emerging therapies (Eur Cardiol 2026)
- Lp(a) and PCSK9 are markedly elevated in first ACS but don't track coronary severity, Indian cohort of 160 (Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev 2026)
- Imaging confirms Lp(a) drives high-risk coronary plaque features, from lipid-rich cores to thin fibrous caps, review synthesises (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Statins and ezetimibe raise oxidized phospholipids on Lp(a) even as PCSK9 inhibitors leave them unchanged, 70-patient study finds (Atheroscler Plus 2025)
- PCSK9 inhibitors curb endothelial inflammation triggered by Lp(a) itself, not just LDL, in coronary artery cell culture, mechanistic study finds (BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2025)
- One in four clinicians never checks Lp(a), narrative review finds, blaming cost, isoform variability and thin treatment options for its clinical neglect (J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2025)
- PCSK9 inhibitors cut post-PCI coronary slow flow and cardiovascular events in STEMI patients with CKD and elevated Lp(a), 323-patient study finds (Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2025)
- Aggressive lipid-lowering achieved similar LDL-C targets regardless of Lp(a) level in 263 peripheral artery disease patients, with no excess amputation or death at high Lp(a) (Lipids Health Dis 2025)
- Testing every adult once for Lp(a), cascade screening relatives, and PCSK9 inhibition on top of statins in high-risk patients, a clinical review (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2024)
- Lp(a) risk rises above 30 mg/dL, with the accepted 50 mg/dL threshold, and levels can range beyond 1000 mg/dL, a pathophysiology and treatment review (Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023)
- Testing and treating Lp(a) is clinically actionable today via cascade screening and PCSK9 inhibition or apheresis, a review argues (Curr Cardiol Rep 2023)
- Beyond statins and PCSK9 inhibitors, several non-lipid drug classes also alter Lp(a) levels, a review through January 2023 (Pharmaceuticals 2023)
- Lp(a) still predicts cardiovascular risk even when LDL-C is under 70 mg/dL, one of three residual-risk drivers alongside remnants and inflammation, a review (Clin Chem 2021)
- An Exploratory Analysis of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibition and Aortic Stenosis in the FOURIER Trial
- The Effect of PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9) Inhibition on the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism
- Peripheral Artery Disease and Venous Thromboembolic Events After Acute Coronary Syndrome: Role of Lipoprotein(a) and Modification by Alirocumab: Prespecified Analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Randomized Clinical Trial
- Lp(a) correlates with PCSK9 levels only in patients with the low molecular weight apo(a) phenotype, a study of 205 patients with suspected familial hypercholesterolaemia (Atherosclerosis 2018)
- Lp(a)-lowering therapies cut levels by 25-30% in familial hypercholesterolaemia, though clinical benefit is unproven, a review (Curr Pharm Des 2018)
- PCSK9 inhibitors show discordant LDL and Lp(a) responses in 40% of real-world patients, a study of 26 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2017)
- Hormone therapy cuts Lp(a) by up to 44% in postmenopausal women, more than niacin or PCSK9 inhibitors, a review of Lp(a) treatment options (Int J Clin Pract 2016)
- One Lp(a) test can reclassify up to 40% of intermediate-risk patients, a review of Lp(a) re-emergence in clinical practice (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2016)
- PCSK9 gain-of-function gene variants show no measurable effect on lipids or arterial wall properties in statin-treated post-MI patients with severely elevated Lp(a) (Sci Rep 2025)
- Review traces why statins raise Lp(a) while PCSK9 inhibitors lower it, and what that means for residual cardiovascular risk (Clin Chim Acta 2025)
- PCSK9 inhibitors are currently the most effective approved option for lowering Lp(a), but measurement itself lacks a reference standard, a review with practical recommendations (Heart 2022)
- Lower Lp(a) predicts new-onset diabetes, but whether the link is truly causal remains muddled by conflicting Mendelian randomisation studies, a review (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Despite decades of study, how the liver assembles and clears Lp(a) remains only partly understood, a comprehensive metabolism review (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- People of African descent have the highest Lp(a) levels of any ethnicity, yet standardisation gaps hinder screening across diverse populations, a review (Cardiol Ther 2020)
- Mendelian randomisation confirms Lp(a) drives coronary disease, aortic stenosis, stroke and heart failure regardless of LDL control, a review revisiting two decades of evidence (Circ J 2020)
- How PCSK9 antibodies lower Lp(a) remains unexplained, unlike statins which raise LDL receptor activity without lowering Lp(a), a review since 2012 (Clin Sci (Lond) 2017)
- Lipid-lowering therapy reduces oxidised-apoB immune complexes but not other oxidative markers in patients with Lp(a) 75 nmol/L or more (Clin Res Cardiol 2026)
- Doubling evolocumab frequency cuts Lp(a) 34.7% but leaves it markedly elevated, FH case report (Cureus 2026)
- A 53-year-old woman with Lp(a) of 492 nmol/L, family history and coronary disease needing stenting, started on a PCSK9 inhibitor (Cureus 2026)
- Evolocumab lowers LDL-C similarly across racial and ethnic groups, with Asian patients with diabetes seeing the largest reduction, a meta-analysis of 7,669 patients that also tracked Lp(a) (J Am Heart Assoc 2021)
CETP inhibition 7
Obicetrapib and the class effect on Lp(a).
- Obicetrapib lowers Lp(a) by 37 percent (15 nmol/L) in high-risk patients: pooled analysis (Nicholls et al., EHJ 2026)
- Impact of Obicetrapib on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients: A Pooled Analysis
- Evacetrapib cuts Lp(a) by up to 40% alone and small LDL particles by up to 95%, a randomised trial of 393 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2016)
- Effect of C-Reactive Protein on Lipoprotein(a)-Associated Cardiovascular Risk in Optimally Treated Patients With High-Risk Vascular Disease: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of the ACCELERATE Trial
- Association of Lipoprotein(a) With Risk of Recurrent Ischemic Events Following Acute Coronary Syndrome: Analysis of the dal-Outcomes Randomized Clinical Trial
- CETP inhibitor anacetrapib lowers Lp(a) by cutting its production 41%, a kinetic trial of 39 patients (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017)
- Lipid-modifying efficacy and safety of obicetrapib in high-risk cardiovascular patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Statins 41
Statins raise Lp(a) modestly; risk on statins persists.
- Baseline and on-statin Lp(a) predict events in statin trials: patient-level meta-analysis (Willeit et al., Lancet 2018)
- How much Lp(a) lowering equals 1 mmol/L of LDL-C? The Mendelian randomisation answer (Burgess et al., JAMA Cardiol 2018)
- Lp(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: the first EAS consensus panel (Nordestgaard et al., EHJ 2010)
- Lp(a) risk persists at the lowest achieved LDL-C: participant-level meta-analysis of six statin trials (Bhatia et al., Circulation 2025)
- Safety of low Lp(a): no excess of bleeding, malignancy, neurocognitive events or AF, but more diabetes: FOURIER (Gencer et al., EHJ 2026)
- Statin therapy increases Lp(a) levels: subject-level meta-analysis of six trials (Tsimikas et al., EHJ 2020)
- Lp(a) above 46.8 nmol/L, below current guideline thresholds, still raises MACE risk 20% in statin-treated patients, UK Biobank cohort of 17,376 (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Higher Lp(a) linearly predicts faster aortic valve stenosis progression, especially in younger patients, an ASTRONOMER trial secondary analysis of 220 patients (JAMA Cardiol 2018)
- Elevated Lp(a) and oxidized phospholipids predict faster aortic stenosis progression and need for valve replacement, an ASTRONOMER substudy of 220 patients (J Am Coll Cardiol 2015)
- Statins do not lower Lp(a), yet Lp(a) still predicts residual cardiovascular risk after statin therapy, a JUPITER trial analysis of 9612 participants (Circulation 2014)
- Lp(a) above 73 mg/dL predicts future heart attacks in patients with stable coronary disease, the LIPID trial substudy of 7863 patients (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013)
- Niacin lowers Lp(a) by 21% but does not reduce cardiovascular events, the AIM-HIGH trial analysis of apolipoproteins and Lp(a) (J Am Coll Cardiol 2013)
29 more in Statins
- Lp(a) predicts coronary revascularization need only when LDL cholesterol is above 70 mg/dL, a study of 2769 angiography patients (J Lipid Res 2010)
- Lp(a) predicts cardiovascular events but not cognitive decline in the elderly, the PROSPER study of 5732 people (Atherosclerosis 2005)
- Triple lipid-lowering therapy after ACS cuts LDL-C 59% but raises Lp(a) 91%, Indian cohort of 345 (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts higher baseline coronary plaque burden and faster low-attenuation plaque growth on serial CT angiography (Front Cardiovasc Med 2026)
- Rising Lp(a) independently predicts coronary plaque progression on serial IVUS despite aggressive statin therapy, in 79 CAD patients (Sci Rep 2025)
- Nearly one in three Argentines has elevated Lp(a), and it predicts MACE most strongly in statin-naive patients, GAELp(a) registry of 3,000 finds (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Meta-analysis of 43 randomised trials confirms statins do not meaningfully change Lp(a) levels (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Statin therapy does not meaningfully change Lp(a), a Dutch meta-analysis of 39 trials and 24,448 participants (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022)
- Higher Lp(a) predicts cardiovascular events in 393 Chinese patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia despite statin treatment (Atherosclerosis 2019)
- Starting statins raises Lp(a) only in patients with the low molecular weight apo(a) phenotype, a study of 81 patients (Atherosclerosis 2019)
- Lp(a) does not predict coronary plaque progression during intensive statin therapy, a SATURN substudy of 915 patients (Atherosclerosis 2017)
- Atorvastatin lowers Lp(a) more than simvastatin, but neither affects apo(a) fragments, a double-blind trial of 391 patients (Atherosclerosis 2002)
- Elevated Lp(a) does not predict restenosis or cardiac events after coronary angioplasty, a FLARE trial analysis of 823 patients (Atherosclerosis 2001)
- LDL-C targets are met in only a fifth of very-high-Lp(a) patients despite statins, Spanish lipid-unit study of 265 (Clin Investig Arterioscler 2026)
- Lp(a) tracks with coronary inflammation in men with HIV and undetectable viral load, and statins do not blunt the link, MACS analysis finds (Eur Heart J Imaging Methods Pract 2026)
- Once LDL-C is controlled below 70 mg/dL after PCI, elevated Lp(a) no longer predicts MACE or death, 878-patient Mayo Clinic study finds (Coron Artery Dis 2025)
- Lipoprotein(a) Blood Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction With Icosapent Ethyl
- No statin type or dose meaningfully lowers Lp(a), a network meta-analysis of 23,605 patients across 20 trials (Pharmacol Res 2021)
- Ezetimibe does not lower Lp(a), a meta-analysis of 10 randomised trials and 5188 patients (Sci Rep 2018)
- Fibrates lower Lp(a) more than statins, and adding fibrates boosts statins effect, a meta-analysis of 16 head-to-head trials and 1388 patients (BMC Med 2017)
- Adding L-carnitine to simvastatin modestly lowers Lp(a) by 19%, a randomised trial of two 29-patient groups (Lipids 2017)
- Adding L-carnitine to simvastatin lowers Lp(a) in type 2 diabetes, while simvastatin alone raises it, a randomised trial of 52 patients (Atherosclerosis 2006)
- Diet and exercise raise Lp(a) by 20% in obese African-Americans, while statins push it up 30%, a study of 343 patients (Atherosclerosis 2004)
- Lipoprotein(a) in familial hypercholesterolemia
- Adding Lp(a) to SCORE2 reclassified most moderate-risk patients to high risk and made 61% eligible for statins, 140-subject study finds (Biomedicines 2025)
- Lp(a) of 97.5 mg/L predicts coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes, and six months of rosuvastatin does not budge it (Rev Assoc Med Bras 2025)
- Rosuvastatin, with or without fenofibrate, raises Lp(a) despite lowering LDL cholesterol in a post-hoc analysis of 47 patients with mixed hyperlipidaemia (Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis 2024)
- Statin therapy masks the inverse relationship between kidney function and Lp(a) in 149 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (J Atheroscler Thromb 2024)
- Diagnostic and Severity Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease Using ApoB/ApoA-I Ratio: Insights from a Statin-Treated Eastern European Cohort
Aortic stenosis 92
Lp(a) as a cause of calcific aortic valve disease.
- The 2022 EAS consensus statement on Lp(a) in ASCVD and aortic stenosis (Kronenberg, Mora, Stroes et al., EHJ 2022)
- LPA is the genome-wide signal for aortic valve calcification and stenosis (Thanassoulis et al., NEJM 2013)
- Elevated Lp(a) and risk of aortic valve stenosis in the general population (Kamstrup et al., JACC 2014)
- Lp(a) and oxidised phospholipids drive valve calcification activity and progression in aortic stenosis (Zheng et al., JACC 2019)
- Lp(a) drives ASCVD, MI and aortic stenosis risk independent of C-reactive protein: Copenhagen (Thomas et al., EHJ 2023)
- Oxidised phospholipids as a unifying theory for Lp(a) in ASCVD and aortic valve disease (Boffa and Koschinsky, Nat Rev Cardiol 2019)
- A test in context: Lp(a) diagnosis, prognosis, controversies and emerging therapies (Tsimikas, JACC 2017)
- IL-6 modifies Lp(a)-associated coronary risk but not aortic stenosis risk: UK Biobank (JAMA Cardiol 2026)
- Regular aspirin use and lower incidence of aortic valve calcium and severe stenosis in people with high Lp(a): MESA (Razavi et al., EHJ 2026)
- Lp(a) is associated with the onset but not the progression of aortic valve calcification: the Rotterdam Study (Kaiser et al., EHJ 2022)
- HEART UK consensus statement on Lp(a): a call to action (Cegla et al., Atherosclerosis 2019)
- Adding Lp(a) to ApoB improves aortic-stenosis risk prediction, especially in men, UK Biobank cohort of 365,771 (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
80 more in Aortic stenosis
- Lp(a) of 125 nmol/L or above raises valve replacement risk 58% in calcific aortic valve stenosis, UK Biobank study of 1,962 finds (J Am Heart Assoc 2025)
- Lp(a) above 100 mg/dL nearly doubles risk of severe degenerative aortic stenosis, but not bicuspid or rheumatic disease, in 44,742 patients (JACC Asia 2024)
- JAMA Cardiology meta-analysis of 710 patients finds top-tertile Lp(a) drives 41-57% faster echocardiographic progression of aortic stenosis (JAMA Cardiol 2024)
- MESA study of 6,792 participants over 16.7 years finds a zero aortic valve calcium score beats Lp(a) or LDL-C for ruling out future severe aortic stenosis (Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2024)
- MFSD5 identified as a receptor mediating lipoprotein(a) uptake and calcification in heart valve cells, with variants linked to aortic stenosis (Circulation 2024)
- Lp(a) predicts faster aortic valve stenosis progression and higher mortality, confirmed genetically via two LPA variants, in a meta-analysis of 163,139 subjects (Cardiovasc Res 2023)
- Extreme Lp(a) and extreme body weight together carry a 3.5-fold risk of calcific aortic valve disease, in 69,988 Danes (J Am Coll Cardiol 2022)
- Lp(a) above 175 nmol/L explains 3% of population cardiovascular disease burden, and lowering it 80% could cut CHD risk by 24%, an analysis of 413,734 UK Biobank participants (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022)
- Lp(a) causally drives both mitral and aortic valve calcification, mediating 31% of its effect on aortic stenosis, in 97,890 Copenhagen participants (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Familial hypercholesterolaemia patients face nearly 4-fold higher risk of needing aortic valve replacement, driven partly by elevated Lp(a), in 5,022 SAFEHEART participants (Eur Heart J 2021)
- Autotaxin carried by Lp(a) drives aortic valve mineralization, raising valve autotaxin activity by 60% in diseased valves, a mechanistic study (Circulation 2015)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises restenosis risk 3-fold after PCI, meta-analysis of twenty-six studies (J Clin Med 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) is linked to mitral annular calcification but not regurgitation, propensity-matched study of 66,292 pairs (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) independently predicts stenotic bioprosthetic valve degeneration, cohort of 174 (Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2026)
- Time-weighted Lp(a) outpredicts single-measurement Lp(a) for calcific aortic valve disease, cohort of 5,156 (Lipids Health Dis 2026)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL nearly doubles calcific aortic valve disease risk, and lab work shows it disrupts TGF-beta signalling to trigger valve cell transition, meta-analysis and mechanistic study finds (Eur J Med Res 2025)
- Lp(a)'s coronary risk is amplified in patients with high cholesterol or triglycerides, but not for aortic stenosis or stroke, UK Biobank study of 127,958 finds (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Only 1 in 4 aortic stenosis patients has high Lp(a), limiting how many could benefit from future Lp(a)-lowering therapies, 162-patient Canadian valve clinic study finds (JACC Adv 2025)
- Mass-based and molar-based Lp(a) immunoassays are interchangeable, near-identically predicting coronary and aortic valve calcification, Rotterdam Study of 5,129 finds (Am Heart J 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts both higher mortality and faster bioprosthetic valve degeneration after TAVR in 601 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Systematic review of 153,192 participants confirms a dose-dependent Lp(a)-aortic valve disease link, strongest above 50 mg/dL (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- High lipoprotein(a) predicts bioprosthetic aortic valve degeneration in 210 patients (Heart 2024)
- One in five people of European ancestry has elevated Lp(a), and new RNA drugs can lower it more than 95%, a review by three leading Lp(a) researchers (Pharmacol Res 2023)
- Aortic valve calcification is strongly linked to elevated Lp(a), a meta-analysis pooling 446,179 patients across 7 studies (Curr Probl Cardiol 2023)
- Lp(a) above the 90th percentile nearly doubles aortic valve stenosis incidence over 14 years, in 23,298 routinely tested Swedes (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL, but not 30 mg/dL, is significantly linked to calcific aortic valve disease, a meta-analysis of 52,931 participants across 8 studies (Front Cardiovasc Med 2022)
- Lp(a) predicts aortic valve calcium in Whites and Blacks but not South Asians, despite South Asians having higher Lp(a) than Whites, in MASALA and MESA (Atherosclerosis 2020)
- Lp(a) drives calcium deposition and oxidative stress in human aortic valve cells more than LDL does, a mechanistic study (Atherosclerosis 2018)
- High Lp(a) predicts aortic valve surgery only in patients who also have coronary artery disease, a Swedish study of 336 surgical cases (J Am Heart Assoc 2017)
- Different Lp(a) assay methods perform similarly for predicting valve and coronary disease, but only in white participants, a MESA study of 4679 adults (Clin Chem 2017)
- The standard 30 mg/dL Lp(a) cutoff predicts aortic valve calcification in white and Black adults, but not Hispanics or Chinese, the MESA study of 4678 adults (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016)
- Mendelian randomisation applied to Lp(a) two decades ago proved causality for cardiovascular disease, aortic stenosis and diabetes, a review of Lp(a) genetics (Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016)
- High Lp(a) combined with chronic Chlamydia infection may worsen aortic valve stenosis, a Swedish study of 101 patients (Eur Heart J 2003)
- Lp(a) drives worse outcomes after PCI and progression of aortic stenosis before TAVI, review for interventional cardiologists (J Clin Med 2026)
- Lp(a)-lowering agents could become the first pharmacological therapy for aortic valve stenosis, review argues (J Clin Med 2025)
- A Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine primer distills what clinicians need to know about Lp(a) risk, screening and emerging therapies (Cleve Clin J Med 2025)
- Lp(a) above 26.65 nmol/L predicts new-onset aortic valve calcification in coronary artery disease patients, 208-patient study finds (BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2025)
- From kringle IV type 2 copy number to arterial wall: the mechanistic biology of Lp(a) reviewed (Eur J Clin Invest 2026)
- A clinical practice review of Lp(a) risk stratification and the emerging lowering agents (Eur J Clin Invest 2026)
- Lp(a) shows no association with valve calcium burden or mortality in 454 TAVR patients (Clin Res Cardiol 2025)
- High Lp(a) plus high hs-CRP together confer a 4.74-fold risk of subclinical valve leaflet thickening after TAVR (J Am Heart Assoc 2024)
- Comparing 503 TAVI patients against 25,343 controls finds only a mild Lp(a) elevation in severe aortic stenosis, driven by men (JACC Adv 2024)
- An LPA genetic risk score explaining 45% of Lp(a) variation predicts calcific aortic valve disease but adds little once coronary status is known (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Lp(a) is rarely tested before cardiac rehab despite high prevalence, German registry of 3,393 (Clin Res Cardiol 2026)
- International guidelines now support a once-in-a-lifetime Lp(a) measurement in every adult, first phase 3 outcome trial results due in 2025 (Curr Opin Cardiol 2024)
- Lp(a) is a causal risk factor for calcific aortic valve disease via oxidised phospholipids, though whether lowering it slows progression remains unproven, a review (Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2024)
- The LPA gene IL-6 response elements make Lp(a) an inflammatory driver, not just a lipid particle, at levels above 125 nmol/L, a review (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Up to 1 billion people worldwide may have high-risk Lp(a) levels, a genetic epidemiology review spanning heart attacks to lifespan (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Familial hypercholesterolaemia doubles cardiovascular risk when Lp(a) is also elevated, making cascade screening a key opportunity to catch both, a review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022)
- Severe aortic stenosis patients have 35% higher Lp(a) and more lysis-prone fibrin clots, linking Lp(a) to a prothrombotic phenotype in 138 patients (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- LPA shares up to 70% of its sequence with plasminogen, explaining Lp(a) triple threat of atherosclerosis, thrombosis and inflammation, a review (Biomolecules 2022)
- Lp(a) elevation above 50 mg/dL may be the most common monogenic lipid disorder, affecting over 1.4 billion people worldwide, a review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021)
- High Lp(a) affects 10-20% of the population and up to 1 billion people worldwide, tripling risk of aortic stenosis and peripheral artery disease, a review (Clin Chem 2021)
- Aortic stenosis affects 2% of people over 65, and Lp(a) drives its progression through oxidised-phospholipid-triggered valve calcification, a review (Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021)
- Lp(a) causally drives calcific aortic valve stenosis and predicts faster disease progression, a systematic review of 21 studies (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020)
- Lp(a) triggers a cascade from valve damage to calcification via autotaxin and NF-kB, a review of aortic valve stenosis mechanisms (Biomolecules 2019)
- Lp(a) varies up to 1000-fold between individuals, and 1 in 4 has levels that raise cardiovascular risk, a review asking if Lp(a) is ready for clinical use (Cardiol Clin 2018)
- Mouse and rabbit Lp(a) models fall short since animals naturally express under 20 mg/dL and only one of over 40 human apo(a) isoforms, a review (Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016)
- Oxidised phospholipids and autotaxin link Lp(a) to aortic valve calcification, mechanistic review (Int J Mol Sci 2026)
- Lp(a) does not predict bioprosthetic aortic valve degeneration, unlike native valve disease, cohort of 389 (Clin Res Cardiol 2026)
- High Lp(a) may worsen long-term survival after TAVI despite similar 12-month MACCE, prospective cohort of 82 (Pol Arch Intern Med 2026)
- In severe aortic stenosis, Lp(a) does not track with valve calcium and shows only a modest, male-specific link to fibrosis, CT and cytokine study finds (J Transl Med 2025)
- A practical review positions Lp(a) as predictive of aortic stenosis onset, progression, and even bioprosthetic valve durability (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) drives earlier onset and faster pressure-gradient progression in calcific aortic stenosis, review finds, with RNA-based agents the emerging therapeutic hope (Am J Med 2025)
- Review argues Lp(a) is an under-recognised, modifiable driver of aortic stenosis progression as targeted drugs emerge (Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2024)
- A cardiac surgeon's perspective argues Lp(a) testing should refine risk assessment after aortic valve replacement and heart transplantation (Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev 2024)
- Review explains how Lp(a) drives both atherosclerosis and aortic valve calcification through shared inflammatory and antifibrinolytic mechanisms (Cureus 2024)
- As Lp(a)-lowering drugs approach outcome trials, aortic stenosis joins atherosclerosis as a key target, a review from synthesis to therapy (Int J Mol Sci 2022)
- Mechanistic, epidemiologic and genetic evidence converges on Lp(a) as a causal driver of both atherosclerosis and aortic stenosis, a review of emerging therapies (J Clin Med 2022)
- From Kare Berg 1963 discovery to today targeted drugs, a practising clinician guide to Lp(a) (J Clin Med 2022)
- Oxidised phospholipids bound to apo(a) kringle IV-10 domain may explain why Lp(a) is such a potent risk factor at far lower concentrations than LDL, a review (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Lp(a) drives calcific aortic valve disease through four distinct mechanistic routes, but no clinical trial has yet targeted it directly, a review (Front Cell Dev Biol 2022)
- Genetic studies now confirm Lp(a) causally drives aortic valve stenosis, but no approved therapy yet lowers it, a review of imaging and emerging targets (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022)
- Lp(a)-carried oxidised phospholipids drive valve calcification through pro-osteogenic signalling, a review of the current landscape in calcific aortic valve disease (Curr Opin Cardiol 2021)
- Lp(a) risk is independent of every other lipid marker, but treatment options remain scarce, a residual-risk update (Am J Cardiol 2020)
- Apo(a)-targeted drugs can lower Lp(a) by up to 90%, a review of Lp(a) mechanisms in atherosclerosis and aortic stenosis (Hellenic J Cardiol 2020)
- Lp(a) at the crossroads: review of emerging strategies to cut residual cardiovascular risk (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2026)
- Investigational agents cut Lp(a) by 80% to 100%, pharmacotherapy review (Am J Health Syst Pharm 2026)
- A bibliometric map of Lp(a) research finds inflammation, aortic valve stenosis and postmenopausal hormone changes as the dominant themes (Front Public Health 2022)
- Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease: From Genetic Risk Factor to Therapeutic Target
Genetics 236
LPA, kringle IV repeats and the Mendelian randomisation evidence.
- LPA variants raise Lp(a) and coronary risk: the PROCARDIS gene-chip study (Clarke et al., NEJM 2009)
- Genetically elevated Lp(a) causes myocardial infarction: the Copenhagen Mendelian randomisation (Kamstrup et al., JAMA 2009)
- The apo(a) gene accounts for more than 90 percent of the variation in plasma Lp(a) (Boerwinkle et al., JCI 1992)
- Apo(a) is homologous to plasminogen: the cDNA sequence (McLean et al., Nature 1987)
- Lp(a) is about six times more atherogenic than LDL per particle: apoB-based Mendelian randomisation (Björnson et al., JACC 2024)
- Lp(a) molar concentration, not apo(a) size, drives cardiovascular risk; loss of Lp(a) raises diabetes risk: deCODE (Gudbjartsson et al., JACC 2019)
- How much Lp(a) lowering for a clinically relevant CHD reduction? The Lp(a)-GWAS-Consortium estimate (Lamina and Kronenberg, JAMA Cardiol 2019)
- The phenotypic consequences of genetically lowered Lp(a) (Emdin et al., JACC 2016)
- Berg describes the Lp system, the first report of lipoprotein(a) (1963)
- First-degree relatives of people with elevated Lp(a) have more MACE: Swedish registry cohort (Kindborg et al., EHJ 2026)
- Aspirin benefits older adults with Lp(a)-raising genotypes in primary prevention: ASPREE (Lacaze et al., JACC 2022)
- High Lp(a) and high risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality (Langsted et al., EHJ 2019)
224 more in Genetics
- Elevated Lp(a) and risk of ischaemic stroke, observational and genetic (Langsted et al., JACC 2019)
- NLA scientific statement: use of Lp(a) in clinical practice, a biomarker whose time has come (Wilson et al., J Clin Lipidol 2019)
- Lp(a) as a cause of cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, genetics and biology (Nordestgaard and Langsted, J Lipid Res 2016)
- Low Lp(a) and large apo(a) isoforms are causally linked to type 2 diabetes (Kamstrup and Nordestgaard, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013)
- Lipoprotein(a): resurrected by genetics (Kronenberg and Utermann, J Intern Med 2013)
- The mysteries of lipoprotein(a) (Utermann, Science 1989)
- Lp(a) genetics beyond the kringle IV repeat (Coassin and Kronenberg, Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Genetically elevated Lp(a) shortens parental lifespan and health span (Arsenault et al., JAMA Netw Open 2020)
- Whole-genome sequencing of Lp(a) in European and African ancestries (Zekavat et al., Nat Commun 2018)
- NHLBI working group recommendations to reduce Lp(a)-mediated risk of CVD and aortic stenosis (Tsimikas et al., JACC 2018)
- LPA variants, apo(a) isoforms and events differ by ethnicity: the Dallas Heart Study (Lee et al., Circulation 2017)
- Elevated Lp(a) and LPA risk genotypes raise the risk of heart failure (Kamstrup and Nordestgaard, JACC Heart Fail 2016)
- Lp(a) as a pharmacological target: premises, promises and prospects (Greco et al., Circulation 2025)
- An Lp(a)-linked proteomic signature predicts cardiovascular disease beyond Lp(a) alone in young adults, CARDIA study of 3,920 with UK Biobank replication (J Clin Invest 2026)
- Lp(a) causally affects coronary disease and HbA1c but not diabetes risk, UK Biobank phenome-wide MR of 425,677 (JACC Adv 2026)
- Lowering Lp(a) and IL-6 signalling together additively cuts coronary disease risk, Mendelian randomisation of 408,687 (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Genetic Lp(a) raises large-artery stroke risk 23% but not small vessel stroke, Mendelian randomisation of 343,681 (J Am Heart Assoc 2026)
- Proteomic screen of 48,859 UK Biobank participants finds ITIH3 and CBLN4 as a non-heritable Lp(a) axis linked to atherosclerotic events (medRxiv preprint 2025)
- Genetically elevated Lp(a) dysregulates vascular redox signalling via eNOS uncoupling and predicts cardiac mortality in advanced coronary disease (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2026)
- Mendelian randomization confirms Lp(a) causally raises risk of five cardiovascular diseases, and finds aspirin lowers Lp(a) by 5.4% per SD of salicylic acid (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- A new genomic method predicting Lp(a) from exome data flags high-risk individuals better than prior tools, especially outside European ancestry, 76,147-person study finds (JACC Basic Transl Sci 2025)
- Lp(a)'s causal effect on MI and large-artery stroke matches across East Asian and European ancestry, Mendelian randomization study finds (Circulation 2025)
- A genome-scale CRISPR screen identifies the LDL receptor, not a disputed alternative, as the key hepatocyte gateway for Lp(a) uptake (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Factorial Mendelian randomisation in 385 917 UK Biobank participants finds Lp(a) lowering benefits add to, not multiply, LDL-C and lifestyle effects (Int J Epidemiol 2025)
- Lp(a)'s heart attack risk is not explained by prothrombotic mechanisms, 410,177-person UK Biobank genetic study finds, and Lp(a) shows no link to venous thromboembolism at all (Eur J Intern Med 2025)
- Genetically predicted Lp(a) tracks coronary plaque severity independent of LDL-C in nearly 23,000 Million Veteran Program participants (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- REFERCHOL study of 2,979 heterozygous FH patients finds extreme Lp(a) confers cardiovascular risk equivalent to secondary prevention (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Low Lp(a) tracking with worse liver disease in cross-sectional studies is reverse causality, UK Biobank and genetic analysis of 270,004 people reveals (Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025)
- German Chronic Kidney Disease study finds each 10 mg/dL rise in Lp(a) independently raises cardiovascular risk in 5,043 CKD patients (J Intern Med 2024)
- A Lancet review by Nordestgaard and Langsted finds one in five people carry high-risk Lp(a), as five lowering drugs achieve 65-98% reductions in trials (Lancet 2024)
- Very low Lp(a) raises new-onset diabetes and fatty liver risk in UK Biobank, but Mendelian randomisation finds no causal link (Atheroscler Plus 2024)
- In 68,748 subjects, correcting LDL-C for its Lp(a) cholesterol content adds nothing at the population level, but Lp(a) mass changes what apoB and LDL-C mean for individual risk (J Am Coll Cardiol 2024)
- High Lp(a) triples peripheral artery disease and doubles abdominal aortic aneurysm risk, confirmed genetically, in 108,146 Danes (J Am Coll Cardiol 2023)
- Cascade screening yields elevated Lp(a) in 47% of first-degree relatives, a 7.4-fold higher odds than unrelated individuals, in 52,418 UK Biobank participants (JAMA Cardiol 2023)
- Genetically higher Lp(a) raises atrial fibrillation risk in Europeans but not in a Chinese cohort, a Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis of 2.1 million participants (Curr Probl Cardiol 2024)
- Lp(a) drives progressive carotid wall thickening in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia followed 20 years into adulthood, a Dutch cohort of 200 (Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023)
- Median Lp(a) ranges from 12 to 41 nmol/L across Hispanic/Latino backgrounds in the US, tracking genetic ancestry, in 16,117 HCHS/SOL participants (JAMA Cardiol 2023)
- Lp(a) of 180 mg/dL carries the same heart attack risk as genetically diagnosed familial hypercholesterolaemia, in 69,644 Danes followed 42 years (J Am Coll Cardiol 2022)
- Lp(a) causally raises atrial fibrillation risk largely independent of atherosclerosis, a Mendelian randomisation study of 435,579 UK Biobank participants (J Am Coll Cardiol 2022)
- A newly discovered LPA splicing variant lowers Lp(a) by 13.6 mg/dL and cuts coronary disease risk by 9%, found in 4,673 Germans and validated in 440,234 UK Biobank participants (J Am Coll Cardiol 2021)
- Low Lp(a) shows no safety signal for cancer or infection risk, reassuring news as lowering drugs advance, an analysis of 109,440 Danes (Eur Heart J 2021)
- Measured Lp(a) and a 43-variant genetic risk score predict cardiovascular disease equally well, but adding either only modestly improves standard risk scores, in 374,099 UK Biobank participants (JAMA Cardiol 2021)
- APOH, encoding beta2-glycoprotein I, emerges as a new genetic locus for Lp(a) levels, a GWAS of 293,274 UK Biobank participants (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021)
- Familial hypercholesterolaemia does not cause elevated Lp(a); instead, high Lp(a) makes FH more likely to be diagnosed, an analysis of 37,877 people (J Am Coll Cardiol 2020)
- Niacin-laropiprant lowers Lp(a) by just 18% in patients with the highest baseline Lp(a) and small isoforms, an HPS2-THRIVE substudy of 3978 patients (Circ Genom Precis Med 2018)
- LPA gene variants triple Lp(a) levels, and the highest Lp(a) quartile raises heart attack risk by 49% in chronic kidney disease, the CRIC Study of 3744 patients (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017)
- Lp(a) and its gene variants predict coronary disease severity but not mortality once heart disease is established, a study of 3313 LURIC patients validated in over 106 000 (Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017)
- 48 gene variants and a rare SNP with an odds ratio of 1.73 for CAD found in the largest Lp(a) genome-wide study yet, a meta-analysis of 13,781 people (J Lipid Res 2017)
- Both smaller apo(a) isoform size and higher Lp(a) concentration independently cause coronary heart disease, a Mendelian randomisation study of over 184 000 people (Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017)
- APOE genotype e4/e4 carriers have 65% higher Lp(a) than e2/e2 carriers, an analysis of 431 239 patients (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017)
- Ideal cardiovascular health cuts the excess risk from high Lp(a) by two-thirds, the EPIC-Norfolk study of 14,051 adults (Atherosclerosis 2017)
- High Lp(a) predicts death from infection in younger dialysis patients with diabetes, the 4D Study post hoc analysis of 1255 patients (Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016)
- A common LPA null allele carried by 3% of people lowers Lp(a) and cuts coronary disease risk, the PROCARDIS study of 4073 CAD cases and 4225 controls (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014)
- Lp(a) above 30 mg/dL triples the risk of death or heart attack after bypass surgery, a Russian study of 356 patients followed 15 years (Atherosclerosis 2014)
- Pro-inflammatory IL-1 genotype raises coronary disease risk from oxidized phospholipids seven-fold in younger patients, a study of 499 patients (J Am Coll Cardiol 2014)
- Extreme Lp(a) or its gene variants correctly reclassify up to 23% of heart attack risk predictions, a Danish study of 8720 people (J Am Coll Cardiol 2013)
- Lp(a) genetically drives atherosclerotic narrowing but not venous blood clots, a Mendelian randomisation study of 41,231 people (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012)
- Lp(a) doubles coronary disease risk in men but not women, with apo(a) isoform size adding no predictive value, the Framingham Offspring Study (J Lipid Res 2011)
- A genome-wide study finds at least 6 genes beyond LPA that independently affect Lp(a) levels, a study of 386 people (J Lipid Res 2009)
- An apo(a) gene variant doubles cardiovascular risk in women, but aspirin cuts that risk more than two-fold, the Women's Health Study of 25,131 participants (Atherosclerosis 2009)
- Extreme Lp(a) predicts a 3- to 4-fold higher heart attack risk, with absolute 10-year risk up to 35% in high-risk men, the Copenhagen City Heart Study of 9330 people (Circulation 2008)
- A specific LPA gene haplotype raises heart attack risk in women independent of Lp(a) level, a German study of 834 MI patients and 1548 controls (Circulation 2003)
- Lp(a) and a 43-variant genetic risk score predict sudden cardiac death in older men with high triglycerides, UK Biobank cohort of 323,666 (Mayo Clin Proc 2026)
- Lp(a) is causally linked to aortic aneurysm risk by Mendelian randomisation, UK Biobank cohort of 312,332 (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Genetic evidence suggests Lp(a) lowering is unlikely to raise pregnancy-complication risk, Mendelian randomisation preprint (medRxiv 2026)
- IL-6 receptor signalling and Lp(a) independently lower cardiovascular risk, Mendelian randomisation study (JACC Basic Transl Sci 2026)
- Cholesterol content per Lp(a) particle rises with larger apo(a) isoform size, direct-assay study of 94 (J Lipid Res 2026)
- Lp(a) concentration and fewer KIV-2 repeats each independently predict MI risk in China, INTERHEART China study of 4,479 (Lipids Health Dis 2026)
- Lp(a) reduction explains only a small part of IL-6 inhibition's cardiovascular benefit, Mendelian randomisation study (Atherosclerosis 2026)
- Children with parental heart disease have Lp(a) 7-10 mg/dL higher, meta-analysis of fifty-one pediatric studies (Postgrad Med 2026)
- Linear and Nonlinear Associations Between Lipoprotein(a) and the Risks of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
- Global Lp(a) standardization nears reality with a mass-spectrometry reference method, review (Clin Chem Lab Med 2026)
- Lp(a) causally raises abdominal aortic aneurysm risk, UK Biobank analysis of 1,026 cases (JACC Basic Transl Sci 2026)
- Genetic evidence suggests fatty liver damage lowers Lp(a), not the reverse, while combined high Lp(a) and liver stiffness sharpen carotid plaque risk (Cardiovasc Diabetol 2025)
- Lp(a) concentrations vary more than 100-fold by ancestry, yet the relative ASCVD risk per unit is universal, review of ancestral variation finds (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2025)
- Lp(a) and LDL-C synergistically raise MI risk, amplified by polygenic risk score, UK Biobank cohort of 346,751 (Am J Cardiol 2026)
- Measured Lp(a) molar concentration outperforms LPA genetic variants for predicting coronary disease severity in 3,779 Han Chinese patients (Lipids Health Dis 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) doubles cardiovascular risk in familial hypercholesterolaemia but not in familial combined hyperlipidaemia, where diabetes dominates instead, 909-patient study finds (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2025)
- Mendelian randomization finds Lp(a) causally raises depression risk, while depression and bipolar disorder causally lower Lp(a), a bidirectional relationship (J Affect Disord 2025)
- Lp(a) predicts coronary artery disease regardless of family history in 4,512 Japanese patients (J Lipid Atheroscler 2025)
- A new nanopore sequencing method resolves the notoriously complex LPA KIV-2 repeat region with near-ddPCR accuracy across five ancestries (Genome Med 2024)
- UK Biobank observational and Mendelian randomisation analyses find Lp(a) raises abdominal aortic aneurysm risk independent of ApoB (medRxiv 2024)
- Kamstrup and colleagues quantify Lp(a) as a causal risk factor for peripheral artery disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm using CGPS and UK Biobank data (Curr Opin Cardiol 2024)
- Mendelian randomisation finds genetically higher insulin causally lowers Lp(a), helping explain why low Lp(a) tracks with diabetes risk (Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024)
- Systematic review of 49,871 individuals suggests aspirin lowers cardiovascular risk in primary prevention patients with elevated Lp(a) (Curr Probl Cardiol 2024)
- Smoking, high Lp(a) and heavy cumulative LDL-C exposure together push coronary disease risk to 85.7% in heterozygous FH (J Atheroscler Thromb 2025)
- A Polynesian-specific SLC22A3 gene variant lowers Lp(a) independent of apo(a) isoform size in 302 Māori and Pacific men (Biosci Rep 2024)
- Bidirectional Mendelian randomisation confirms Lp(a) causally raises chronic kidney disease risk, not the reverse (Ren Fail 2024)
- Review by Koschinsky, Rosenson and colleagues explains why Lp(a) runs up to threefold higher across racial groups and 5-10% higher in women (J Am Heart Assoc 2024)
- Genome-scale CRISPR screen resolves a long-standing controversy: the LDL receptor, not a dedicated protein, is the main gateway for Lp(a) uptake (bioRxiv 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) plus a family history of coronary disease nearly doubles MACE risk in 6,056 chronic coronary syndrome patients (J Atheroscler Thromb 2024)
- Nordestgaard-led study of 15 Danish lipid clinics finds elevated Lp(a) explains 27% of clinical familial hypercholesterolaemia diagnoses (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024)
- Mendelian randomisation finds no causal link between Lp(a) and type 2 diabetes despite an inverse observational correlation, in 563,420 participants (Arch Med Sci 2024)
- Lp(a) is not elevated in familial hypercholesterolaemia and is metabolically independent of LDL-C, in 256 FH patients and 272 controls (CJC Open 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) is already present by age 5 and remains largely unmodifiable by lifestyle or lipid drugs, a review by a leading Lp(a) assay expert (Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023)
- Nissen and Laffin call Lp(a) an overlooked risk factor affecting 20-30% of the world's population, as pharmacotherapies advance (Trends Cardiovasc Med 2024)
- Correcting LDL-C for genetically estimated Lp(a) reclassifies up to 9% of suspected FH patients as unlikely FH, in 1,504 Dutch referrals (Atherosclerosis 2023)
- Lp(a) stays remarkably stable over 25 years, but people from eastern Finland run 20% higher levels than western Finns, the Young Finns Study (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- A common LPA gene variant only raises Lp(a) and coronary disease risk in the 96% of people who do not also carry a specific splicing mutation, a genetic study of 184,283 people (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Lp(a) rises 22-43% from childhood to adulthood depending on lipid-lowering treatment, with 70% intra-individual variation, in 2,740 Dutch children (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Cascade testing for FH finds a new case of elevated Lp(a) for every 2.1-2.4 relatives tested, a review proposing a combined FH-Lp(a) care model (Front Genet 2022)
- Cascade testing for both FH and elevated Lp(a) uncovers a new case of either every 1.5-2.1 relatives tested, in 162 family members (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Lp(a) is linked to more vulnerable carotid plaque features, with sex-specific patterns, in the Dutch PARISK study of 182 patients (Atherosclerosis 2021)
- Elevated Lp(a) and family history combine for a 43% higher cardiovascular risk than either alone, in 12,149 ARIC participants (J Am Coll Cardiol 2020)
- Lp(a) matches LDL as a cause of heart attacks but outweighs it for mortality risk, a head-to-head comparison in about 100,000 Danes (Curr Opin Lipidol 2020)
- Four Lp(a)-associated gene variants predict more severe coronary disease in 1403 Han Chinese patients, a genome-wide association study (J Lipid Res 2019)
- Lp(a) concentration, not apo(a) isoform size, predicts angiographic coronary disease severity in 263 men (Atherosclerosis 2018)
- Finns have about 50% lower Lp(a) than Central Europeans, with known genetic variants explaining 71.8% of the gap, a study of 12,284 participants (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018)
- Elevated Lp(a) and LDL together predict the most severe coronary lesions in young patients with premature coronary disease, a study of 147 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Lp(a) predicts early-onset cardiovascular disease in families better than LDL cholesterol, a study of 129 children with familial hypercholesterolaemia (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Inflammatory IL-1 genotype doubles the cardiovascular risk from high Lp(a), the Ioannina Study of 603 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Lp(a) predicts carotid artery thickening only in HIV-infected young women, the Women's Interagency HIV Study of 250 participants (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017)
- Lp(a) and familial hypercholesterolaemia together predict early, severe coronary disease, a Chinese angiography cohort of 8050 patients (Atherosclerosis 2017)
- Homozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemia doubles Lp(a) levels compared to heterozygous carriers, a Dutch study of 119 individuals (J Clin Lipidol 2017)
- Lp(a) oxidized phospholipids boost HDL production machinery by up to 3-fold in liver cells, a mechanistic study (J Lipid Res 2015)
- Tocilizumab blocks IL-6 to lower Lp(a) via a specific LPA gene promoter site, but TNF-alpha inhibition does not, a mechanistic study (J Lipid Res 2015)
- Scavenger receptor SR-BI is identified as a novel Lp(a) clearance receptor, a mechanistic study across transgenic and knockout mice (J Lipid Res 2013)
- HIV disease control raises apo(a) levels tied to atherogenic small isoforms, a study of 139 white and 168 Black HIV-positive patients (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013)
- Lp(a) assembles inside the cell from newly made LDL and apo(a), a stable-isotope kinetic study of 9 healthy people (Atherosclerosis 2012)
- In people with type 2 diabetes, genetically high Lp(a) does not raise cardiovascular risk, unlike in the general population, a GWAS of 2308 diabetic patients (Eur Heart J 2012)
- Lp(a) triples atherosclerotic plaque area in uremic mice, a transgenic mouse study of kidney disease and Lp(a) (J Lipid Res 2010)
- Lp(a) more than triples ischemic stroke risk in the elderly, a Greek case-control study of 163 stroke patients and 166 controls (Atherosclerosis 2006)
- The liver clears Lp(a) mainly via apo(a) itself, not the LDL receptor, taking up 34.6% of the dose in 24 hours, a mouse study (J Lipid Res 2005)
- Despite 2-3 times higher Lp(a), Black adults show no link between Lp(a) and coronary calcium, the Dallas Heart Study of 761 Black and 527 white adults (Circulation 2005)
- A new mouse model reaches Lp(a) levels of 700 mg/dL, over 20 times the human risk threshold, revealing oxidized phospholipids unique to Lp(a) (J Lipid Res 2005)
- Swapping four lysines for serines in apoB impairs Lp(a) assembly in transgenic mice, a structural mechanistic study (J Lipid Res 2004)
- About half of Lp(a) apoB comes from pre-existing LDL, not fresh liver secretion, a kinetic study of 7 people (Atherosclerosis 2001)
- Lp(a) ability to bind lysine varies because LDL and fibronectin mask its binding site, not because of the particle itself, a mechanistic study (J Lipid Res 2000)
- Rabbits lacking a functional LDL receptor accumulate over 4 times more Lp(a), a transgenic animal study (J Lipid Res 2000)
- Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia nearly doubles Lp(a) compared to heterozygotes, showing a clear LDL receptor gene-dose effect, a study of 69 family members (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000)
- Lp(a) is not clinically linked to atrial fibrillation, meta-analysis of 16 observational and 7 Mendelian randomisation studies (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- LPA gene variants explain 28% of Lp(a) variability but not coronary anatomy in chronic coronary syndrome, 390-patient study (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Aspirin shows no clear cardiovascular benefit in elevated Lp(a) or high-risk LPA genotypes, meta-analysis of 6 studies (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Clinical risk factors cannot distinguish FH from elevated Lp(a), 378-patient lipid clinic study argues for universal genetic and Lp(a) testing (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Aspirin shows no overall MACE benefit in elevated Lp(a) but a signal in rs3798220 carriers, meta-analysis of seven studies (Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2026)
- Cutting saturated fat reshapes the Lp(a) lipidome in African Americans, randomised trial of 166 (J Lipid Res 2026)
- Sequencing advances resolve LPA genetic architecture across ancestries, but the Lp(a) receptor stays elusive, review (Curr Opin Lipidol 2026)
- Structural model separates functional LPA gene variants from bystanders shaping Lp(a) and CAD risk, review (Prog Lipid Res 2026)
- LPA risk alleles rs3798220 and rs10455872 raise coronary disease odds up to 75%, meta-analysis of 55,647 (Am J Med Sci 2026)
- The LPA +121 G>A variant protects against venous thromboembolism, but Lp(a) protein level itself does not predict it, case-control study finds (Biochem Biophys Rep 2025)
- A critical review examines how Middle Eastern genetic diversity and high consanguinity rates may uniquely shape Lp(a) distribution, a data-scarce region (JACC Asia 2025)
- Over a quarter of suspected FH patients at a lipid clinic have high-risk Lp(a), which tracks with coronary disease but not carotid plaques, 220-patient study finds (Clin Cardiol 2025)
- Neither Lp(a) concentration nor apo(a) isoform size predicts new-onset diabetes in prediabetic adults, IT-DIAB study of 303 finds, challenging a general-population signal (Diabetes Metab 2025)
- Mendelian randomisation finds no causal link between Lp(a) and nine immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (Sci Rep 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts worse graft occlusion and MACE after CABG, review argues for routine perioperative Lp(a) measurement (Ann Thorac Surg 2025)
- Cutting dietary saturated fat raises Lp(a) by 24% in African Americans, more so with smaller apo(a) isoforms (Nutrients 2025)
- Carrying the CYP2C19 AA genotype alongside elevated Lp(a) raises the odds of poor stroke recovery more than 15-fold (Am J Transl Res 2025)
- Corneal arcus and thick Achilles tendons flag elevated Lp(a) and higher MACE risk in 484 patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- A single dose of lipid-nanoparticle-delivered TALEN mRNA cuts Lp(a) by over 80% for at least five weeks in transgenic mice (Mol Ther 2025)
- Review traces how Lp(a) shifts from newborn to menopause and argues women carry equal or greater Lp(a)-related cardiovascular risk than men (Am J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- A new short-read caller for the KIV-2 repeat region correlates with Lp(a) protein levels and reveals distinct ancestry-specific copy-number distributions (BMC Med Genomics 2024)
- Hegele group finds Lp(a) is paradoxically halved in patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia (J Int Med Res 2024)
- Amsterdam UMC review finds cascade screening for elevated Lp(a) needs as few as 1.3 relatives tested per new case found (Curr Opin Lipidol 2024)
- Familial hypercholesterolaemia, not familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia, is linked to higher Lp(a) in a study of 1,153 subjects with genetically extreme LDL (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2025)
- Quantifying LPA KIV-2 repeat number by qPCR better predicts 5-year MACE than measured Lp(a) alone, particularly in women (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024)
- In a 10-week RCT, sugar-sweetened beverages lowered Lp(a) by 13% in overweight adults, independent of apo(a) size (J Lipid Res 2024)
- Girls with genetic FH have 45% higher baseline Lp(a) than boys, a sex gap that persists over nearly nine years of follow-up (Atheroscler Plus 2024)
- Genotype-based RCT finds both plant-based omega-3 and omega-6 oils lower Lp(a) by 7-10%, regardless of FADS1 genotype (Atherosclerosis 2024)
- HER(a) study finds 59.4% of first-degree relatives of high-Lp(a) ACS patients also have elevated Lp(a) (J Clin Med 2024)
- Meta-analysis of seven Mendelian randomisation studies confirms Lp(a) causally raises heart failure risk (Curr Probl Cardiol 2024)
- Kronenberg traces how genetic studies, absent good animal models, first proved Lp(a) causal in the early 1990s (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024)
- Mendelian randomisation using 290,497 UK Biobank participants finds no causal link between Lp(a) and arterial stiffness (Eur J Clin Invest 2024)
- Lp(a) evidence in children lags far behind adults, but early testing could still guide family-based cardiovascular prevention, a review (Biomedicines 2023)
- Lp(a) is linked to mitral valve calcification but shows mixed results for mitral dysfunction, a systematic review pooling over 1 million individuals across 8 studies (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023)
- Lp(a) is higher in Black populations and in women, but a lack of standardised assays and cutoffs still limits clinical use, a review (Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023)
- Smaller apo(a) isoforms raise Lp(a) mainly by boosting production, and ancestry strengthens this link, in a kinetic study of 32 individuals (J Lipid Res 2023)
- Lp(a) is higher in children with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia than heterozygous FH or unaffected children, a Dutch cross-sectional study of 232 children (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- About 20% of people have elevated Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL, and a meaningful share also have familial hypercholesterolaemia, a review of this dual risk (Metabolites 2022)
- A new isoform-independent Lp(a) ELISA matches the gold-standard assay and mass spectrometry with over 97% correlation (J Lipid Res 2022)
- Lp(a) levels are driven mainly by how much the liver makes, not how fast it clears, redirecting drug development toward blocking production, a review (Curr Opin Lipidol 2022)
- Black individuals have the highest Lp(a) levels of any ethnicity studied, followed by South Asians, complicating a single universal risk threshold, a review (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Children with FH and Lp(a) above 30 mg/dL are nearly twice as likely to have family history of premature cardiovascular disease, LIPIGEN paediatric data on 653 children (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- The receptor sortilin boosts apo(a) secretion from liver cells and promotes Lp(a) uptake, but rare SORT1 mutations amplify only the secretion effect (J Lipid Res 2022)
- ApoE2 carriers have lower Lp(a), with APOE the second most important gene after LPA in determining Lp(a) levels, a mechanistic review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022)
- Up to a quarter of familial hypercholesterolaemia diagnoses are actually driven by high Lp(a), not LDL cholesterol itself, a review argues for updating diagnostic criteria (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022)
- Lp(a) is highest in APOB-dependent familial hypercholesterolaemia, 36.5 mg/dL, versus 21.9 mg/dL in the LDLR-dependent form, a Spanish study of 2,419 people (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Elevated Lp(a) affects 25% of South Asians and doubles to triples their coronary disease risk, a review of malignant CAD in young Indians (Indian Heart J 2019)
- Lp(a) ranges from under 0.1 to over 100 mg/mL between individuals, and is higher in women, a review of its evolutionary origins and genetic determinants (Curr Med Chem 2017)
- Lp(a) was discovered in 1963 and its size heterogeneity explained decades later by Gerd Utermann, a historical appraisal (J Lipid Res 2017)
- Lp(a) LPA gene copy number variation remains only partly understood despite its strong coronary disease link, a review of Lp(a) structure and genetics (J Lipid Res 2016)
- A key European Lp(a) risk variant found in up to 11.6% of Asians has no effect on Lp(a) or isoform size there, a multi-population genetic study (Atherosclerosis 2015)
- India lacks its own Lp(a) threshold, using a 20 mg/dL cutoff versus 30 mg/dL for Caucasians, a review of Lp(a) as a unique risk factor for coronary disease (Indian J Clin Biochem 2016)
- Lp(a) fully expresses by age 2, but guidelines only recommend testing children after stroke, a review of Lp(a) in pediatrics (J Clin Lipidol 2015)
- Lp(a) and apoB are more closely linked in African-Americans than Caucasians, a study of 336 Caucasians and 224 African-Americans (Atherosclerosis 2014)
- A rapid qPCR method replaces laborious electrophoresis for counting Lp(a) gene repeats, a methods study (J Lipid Res 2009)
- Eating fish and a specific LPA gene variant together lower Lp(a) levels, an Italian study of 647 people (Atherosclerosis 2007)
- Apo(a) protein size ranges from 300 to 800 kDa, driving Lp(a) extreme variability, a review of this elusive risk factor (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004)
- No single gene explains why African Americans have higher Lp(a), a genetic linkage study across three populations (J Lipid Res 2003)
- Distribution of Lipoprotein(a) concentrations in children and young people with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) compared to those without FH: A systematic review and narrative synthesis
- Common vitamin and supplement use does not shift Lp(a) over time, UK Biobank analysis of 12,109 (Lipids Health Dis 2026)
- From Phenotype to Genotype and Beyond: Insights into Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Familial Hypertriglyceridemia
- Improved diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia by correcting LDL-C for lipoprotein(a) in a German cohort
- Polygenic risk scores and Lp(a) extend genetic risk stratification beyond monogenic hypercholesterolaemia, review (Genes Basel 2026)
- Lipoprotein(a) and premature myocardial infarction: Mechanistic insights and implications for PCI-era residual risk
- Prevalence of Lipoprotein(a) Testing in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Within a Large Australian Cardiology Network
- Lp(a) is unrelated to body composition, unlike HDL-C and triglycerides, high-risk cohort of 207 (Adv Med Sci 2026)
- Children with Prader-Willi syndrome have markedly higher Lp(a) and hs-CRP than controls, with the deletion genetic subtype most affected, 32-patient study finds (J Endocr Soc 2025)
- Twenty-year follow-up of Dutch familial hypercholesterolaemia cohort finds no link between Lp(a) and arterial stiffness (J Clin Med 2025)
- A nine-miRNA signature links high Lp(a) to coronary calcification through inflammation and lipid pathways in 24 SAFEHEART FH patients (Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2025)
- Digital droplet PCR outperforms quantitative PCR for measuring the LPA KIV2 repeat that drives Lp(a) variability (J Clin Lab Anal 2024)
- Lipoprotein(a) correlates with DNA damage in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, with an ASCVD-relevant cut-off of 23.45 nmol/L (Sci Rep 2024)
- An Lp(a) gene haplotype (rs10455872-rs3798220) is linked to higher inflammation and antifibrinolytic markers after myocardial infarction (Int J Mol Sci 2024)
- A practical clinical guide to Lp(a), genetics, real-world risk-factor interactions, and emerging metabolic targets for lowering it (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023)
- Is Lp(a) a real risk multiplier in familial hypercholesterolaemia, or just along for the ride? A review calls for direct drug-based proof (Curr Opin Lipidol 2022)
- Whether Lp(a)-raising gene variants add predictive value beyond Lp(a) concentration itself remains controversial, a review of a decade of advances (Pharmacol Res 2021)
- Black populations of Sub-Saharan descent have higher Lp(a) than Whites, yet remain underrepresented in Lp(a) research, a review (Curr Opin Lipidol 2021)
- Low Lp(a) predicts new-onset diabetes, yet high Lp(a) still raises cardiovascular risk in people who already have it, a review of causes and consequences (Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021)
- Elevated Lp(a) drives residual cardiovascular risk even at optimal LDL-C, but proof that lowering it helps still awaits trial data, a review (J Cardiovasc Med 2021)
- Lp(a) is a proven causal cardiovascular risk factor but still lacks a specific therapy or standardised test, a review (J Clin Med 2019)
- The 2018 cholesterol guideline recognizes elevated Lp(a) as a risk enhancer for statin therapy, a review of Lp(a) as a causal cardiovascular risk factor (Indian Heart J 2019)
- Lp(a) is cleared by five distinct receptor families, but none are yet clear drug targets, a review of Lp(a) catabolism (Pathology 2019)
- Kidney disease raises Lp(a) mainly in patients with large apo(a) isoforms or heavy protein loss, a review of Lp(a) in chronic kidney disease (J Lipid Res 2018)
- Lp(a) assembly and clearance mechanisms remain unresolved since its 1963 discovery, a review of Lp(a) metabolism (J Lipid Res 2017)
- Lp(a) has modest predictive value for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes, a review of evidence-based questions still unanswered (Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016)
- Lp(a) is higher in familial hypercholesterolaemia patients who develop early heart disease than those who don't, a Norwegian comparison study (Atherosclerosis 2011)
- Genetic studies support Lp(a) as a cause of ischemic heart disease, though no outcome trial has ever tested lowering it, a review (Atherosclerosis 2010)
- No correlation between apo(a) isoform size and Lp(a) concentration in 43 acute coronary syndrome patients with Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL (Clin Investig Arterioscler 2026)
- The LPA rs10455872 genotype does not predict childhood obesity itself, but tracks with insulin, CRP and vitamin B12 differences within obese children, exploratory study finds (Diagnostics (Basel) 2025)
- The rs3798220-C LPA variant tracks with higher Lp(a) and more early myocardial infarction in a 251-patient case-control study (Diagnostics 2025)
- Monozygotic twins with homozygous FH and Lp(a) above 270 nmol/L develop nearly identical coronary disease at the same age, the first such case report (Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2020)
- LPA may be an unprocessed pseudogene duplicated from the plasminogen gene, a hypothesis for apo(a) functionless structure and Lp(a) pathology (Cureus 2018)
- Distribution of Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Clinical Associations in a Lebanese Adult Population: A Retrospective Observational Study
- Association of lipoprotein(a), oxidized phospholipids and apolipoprotein B100 in acute ischemic stroke cohort
- Genetic Prediction of Circulating Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Diverse Populations
Testing 224
Assays, units, thresholds and testing rates.
- 2026 ACC/AHA multisociety guideline on the management of dyslipidemia (Blumenthal, Morris et al., Circulation 2026)
- 2025 focused update of the 2019 ESC/EAS dyslipidaemia guidelines (Mach, Koskinas, Roeters van Lennep et al., EHJ 2025)
- Inflammation, cholesterol, Lp(a) and 30-year cardiovascular outcomes in women (Ridker et al., NEJM 2024)
- 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (Mach et al., EHJ 2020)
- Lp(a) and myocardial infarction across seven ethnic groups: INTERHEART (Paré et al., Circulation 2019)
- Lp(a) measurements for clinical application: why the assays disagree (Marcovina and Albers, J Lipid Res 2016)
- Thirty-year cardiovascular risk in healthy women by Lp(a) threshold: the Women's Health Study (Nordestgaard AT et al., JAMA Cardiol 2026)
- Only 13 percent of coronary patients worldwide would meet a 150 nmol/L trial threshold: INTERASPIRE (Barkas et al., JACC 2025)
- NLA focused update 2024: measure Lp(a) at least once in every adult, with three risk bands (Koschinsky et al., J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- Lp(a) levels in a global ASCVD population: Lp(a)HERITAGE (Nissen et al., Open Heart 2022)
- AHA scientific statement: Lp(a) is a genetically determined, causal and prevalent risk factor for ASCVD (Reyes-Soffer et al., ATVB 2022)
- An LC-MS/MS candidate reference method for standardising Lp(a) measurement (Marcovina et al., Clin Chem 2021)
212 more in Testing
- High Lp(a) as a possible cause of clinical familial hypercholesterolaemia (Langsted et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016)
- mg/dL to nmol/L: the Copenhagen formula beats the factor 2.5 in the Lp(a)HORIZON screening population (Atherosclerosis 2026)
- Cascade screening for Lp(a) from coronary patients: three relatives to screen per case found (Littmann et al., Atherosclerosis 2026)
- One-time LDL-C, hs-CRP and Lp(a) screening predicts 20-year events in European men and women: EPIC-Norfolk (Kraaijenhof, Nurmohamed et al., EHJ 2025)
- The Brussels International Declaration on Lp(a) testing and management (Kronenberg et al., Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Lp(a) testing in a large US academic health system: 0.3 percent of adults over ten years (Bhatia et al., JAHA 2023)
- Thirty frequent questions on the 2022 EAS Lp(a) consensus, answered (Kronenberg, Mora, Stroes et al., Atherosclerosis 2023)
- Lp(a) in children with suspected familial hypercholesterolaemia (de Boer et al., EHJ 2023)
- Ancestry, Lp(a) and cardiovascular risk thresholds (Tsimikas and Marcovina, JACC 2022)
- Sex differences in Lp(a) levels and associated risk by age: Copenhagen (Simony et al., Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Finding very high Lp(a): the case for routine assessment (Nurmohamed et al., Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022)
- Lp(a) measurement issues: a mountain out of a molehill? (Kronenberg, Atherosclerosis 2022)
- 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society dyslipidaemia guidelines: Lp(a) once in a lifetime (Pearson et al., Can J Cardiol 2021)
- Lp(a): the impact of ethnicity and of environmental and medical conditions (Enkhmaa et al., J Lipid Res 2016)
- Lp(a) and dementia in 539,478 people: no association with Alzheimer's or vascular dementia on continuous scales (Thomas et al., EHJ 2025)
- The French Society of Atherosclerosis issues a consensus statement recommending Lp(a) testing be covered by national health insurance (Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2021)
- Formula-based Lp(a)-C estimates overstate cholesterol content and understate true LDL-C, direct-assay study of 278 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Machine learning finds 26-253% more elevated-Lp(a) cases per test than universal screening, model of 438,579 (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Taiwan Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis issues 2026 Lp(a) consensus on diagnosis and risk management (J Formos Med Assoc 2026)
- Lp(a) testing is linked to more aggressive lipid treatment and better LDL-C goal attainment, Veterans Affairs cohort of 6.9 million (J Am Heart Assoc 2026)
- Canadian Cardiovascular Society practical framework for Lp(a) screening, risk assessment and management (Can J Cardiol 2026)
- STAR-Lp(a) study finds meaningful Lp(a) drift within 1-3 years in 1,263 patients, challenging the once-in-a-lifetime testing recommendation (Med Sci (Basel) 2025)
- Korean Lp(a) task force proposes a 3-tier classification (30/50 mg/dL) tailored to Korean cohorts, position paper (J Lipid Atheroscler 2026)
- Only 1 in 20 young ischemic stroke patients had ever been tested for Lp(a) by 2024, despite testing more than doubling since 2015, 188,305-patient US analysis finds (J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2026)
- Lp(a) stays stable at the extremes but a third of mid-range patients reclassify to higher risk, 230,018-adult Korean study finds (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Only 1.4% of ASCVD-free and 4.9% of ASCVD patients were ever tested for Lp(a) over 18 years, but testing tracked with more lipid-lowering therapy use, 419,812-patient Midwest cohort finds (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Lp(a) testing for primary prevention is cost-saving across every high-income country modelled, multinational microsimulation finds (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Kronenberg group finds Lp(a) is truly stable once technical variability is removed, suggesting reported fluctuations are largely assay noise (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Just 0.8% of a diverse 266,612-person US cohort had ever been tested for Lp(a), with Black participants 32% less likely to be tested, All of Us study finds (JACC Adv 2025)
- In 44,354 Korean adults, having both high Lp(a) and coronary calcium raises ASCVD odds 2.4-fold, more than either marker alone (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Amsterdam UMC's decade-long serial CT scans show high Lp(a) drives more plaque, more low-density plaque and more pericoronary inflammation (JAMA Cardiol 2024)
- ARISE machine-learning tool, validated across four cohorts totalling nearly 480,000 people, cuts the number needed to test for elevated Lp(a) by up to 67.3% (Nat Cardiovasc Res 2024)
- Standard LDL-C tests only predict cardiovascular risk because they secretly include Lp(a) cholesterol, reclassifying up to 41% of patients once corrected, an analysis spanning 531,144 lab patients (J Am Heart Assoc 2020)
- Testing for Lp(a) during FH cascade screening finds new high-Lp(a) relatives and quadruples cardiovascular risk when both are present, SAFEHEART study of 2,927 relatives (J Am Coll Cardiol 2019)
- The standard 30 mg/dL Lp(a) cutoff misses risk in white and Hispanic adults, who need the 50 mg/dL threshold instead, the MESA study across 4 races (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015)
- Lp(a) improves 15-year cardiovascular risk prediction, especially for people at intermediate risk, the Bruneck Study of 826 adults (J Am Coll Cardiol 2014)
- Lp(a) barely changes after eating or with inflammation, and still predicts heart disease regardless, a Danish study of 34 829 people (Atherosclerosis 2014)
- Adding Lp(a) nearly doubles lipid-lowering-treatment eligibility in a 24,994-person primary-prevention cohort, SCAPIS (Atherosclerosis 2026)
- Lp(a) fluctuates substantially in youth with type 1 diabetes, challenging the single-lifetime-measurement paradigm, 286-patient cohort (Cardiovasc Diabetol 2026)
- High Lp(a) causes concentration-dependent overestimation of standard LDL-C assays, 1,560-sample methodology study (J Lipid Res 2026)
- Lipoprotein(a) and residual cardiovascular risks in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease who achieve guideline-recommended LDL-C goals
- Comparative associations of LDL-C, Lp(a), hsCRP, and IL-6 with cardiovascular risk: Insights from the UK Biobank and MESA
- Lp(a) above 58 mg/dL overestimates LDL-C by 10% or more across all major formulas, study of 3,923 (Clin Lab 2026)
- Lp(a) uniquely predicts low-density noncalcified plaque beyond CAC and hsCRP, CCTA cohort of 547 (Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2026)
- Lipoprotein(a), High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Incident ASCVD Risk in Individuals Without Standard Modifiable Risk Factors
- Sex Differences in Lipids and Lipoproteins and Their Relationship With Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Study of UK Biobank Participants
- Menopause transition triggers a fourfold larger Lp(a) rise than staying pre- or postmenopausal, UK Biobank preprint of 4,562 women (medRxiv 2026)
- Cascade screening for elevated Lp(a) in relatives of children who visited the pediatric lipid clinic: yield of daily clinical practice
- Lp(a) variability after ACS mainly reclassifies intermediate-risk patients, cohort of 235 (J Clin Med 2026)
- New assay reveals Lp(a) particles are 4-fold richer in triglycerides in hypertriglyceridemia, method study of 150 (J Lipid Res 2026)
- Lp(a) varies little within individuals, repeat testing rarely needed, cohort of 250 (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL predicts MACE and improves SCORE2/PCE performance, ambulatory cohort of 3,052 (Clin Res Cardiol 2026)
- Fifteen years of Lp(a) guidelines have moved toward universal screening, but important evidence gaps remain, Boffa, Koschinsky and Hegele find (Curr Opin Lipidol 2025)
- Only half of physicians with access to Lp(a) testing use it routinely, and a third can't define an elevated result, INTERASPIRE survey across 7 countries finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- 1 in 5 patients show high Lp(a) variability between tests, with the biggest risk-category churn in the 'gray zone,' Korean multicenter study of 5,305 finds (Lipids Health Dis 2025)
- Patients with prior ASCVD and Lp(a) above 90 mg/dL rack up 2.5 times higher healthcare costs and more MACE than those with normal Lp(a), Alberta real-world study of 29,229 finds (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Lp(a) stays stable at the extremes, but women, statin users and those with ASCVD or high LDL-C are more likely to see borderline levels shift, 11,669-patient Mayo Clinic study finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Global Lp(a) testing rose from 0.009% to just 0.032% of adults between 2015 and 2023, TriNetX analysis of 141 million patients finds (Am Heart J 2025)
- Lp(a) meets most established criteria for a population screening test, on health, societal and cost grounds, review by Koschinsky and Thanassoulis's group argues (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Only 0.5% of 150,083 Mexican tertiary-care patients were tested for Lp(a), and just 26% of those with elevated levels got risk-modifying treatment (Lipids Health Dis 2025)
- NIRS imaging in the REASSURE registry shows combined LDL-C and Lp(a) control cuts high-risk lipid-core plaque by about 70% (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- CDC standardization program finds Lp(a) interassay variability up to 69.1% across eight clinical laboratories (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Across 5 US health systems, just 0.4% of 595,684 ASCVD patients were tested for Lp(a), with older and Black patients tested least (J Am Heart Assoc 2024)
- Just 0.42% of 700,580 Japanese ASCVD-prevention patients were tested for Lp(a), despite 7% of those tested exceeding the risk threshold, claims database study finds (J Atheroscler Thromb 2025)
- A repeat Lp(a) test reclassifies over half of patients out of the EAS 'grey zone', in a study of 609 individuals (Eur Heart J Open 2024)
- Switching Lp(a) assays at a Norwegian national lab changed who counted as high-risk: the Roche assay flagged 80% more patients above 180 mg/dL than Siemens (Am J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- ApoB and Lp(a) testing make up less than 1% of all US lipid panel testing, across four national claims databases (Am J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Black and Hispanic ASCVD patients had Lp(a) tested at roughly a tenth the rate of White patients, despite higher median levels, in 56,833 records (medRxiv 2024)
- Among 13,689 tested Californians, Black patients had 2.5-fold higher odds of Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL than the overall population (JACC Adv 2024)
- A faster LC-MS comparison method matches the Lp(a) reference measurement procedure, easing the shift to molar reporting units (Clin Proteomics 2024)
- Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients are tested for Lp(a) far less often than white patients despite higher levels, in 56,833 US medical records (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- 75.5% of surveyed European lipid clinicians routinely measure Lp(a), but reimbursement and treatment gaps remain barriers, an EAS Lipid Clinics Network survey (Atherosclerosis 2023)
- Lp(a) testing is performed in only 0.34% of German patients, but when done, is linked to better cardiovascular outcomes, an analysis of 4 million claims records (Atherosclerosis 2023)
- Only 0.25% of 2.4 million patients in a US healthcare network have ever had Lp(a) measured, with striking demographic testing gaps (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- Effects of Randomized Treatment With Icosapent Ethyl and a Mineral Oil Comparator on Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Homocysteine, Lipoprotein(a), and Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2: A REDUCE-IT Biomarker Substudy
- A single Lp(a) measurement suffices for CAD risk prediction, since repeat levels stay 96% correlated over years, in 16,017 UK Biobank participants (J Am Coll Cardiol 2022)
- Lp(a) above the 90th decile raises coronary artery disease risk by 62% in routinely tested patients, a 14-year Swedish follow-up of 23,398 people (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022)
- Lp(a) makes up 15% of all atherogenic particles at the highest Lp(a) levels, a particle-based analysis of 158,260 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2022)
- Six commercial Lp(a) immunoassays diverge from a reference standard by -8% to +22%, a comparison of 144 samples (Atherosclerosis 2019)
- Coronary disease risk rises at Lp(a) levels below the standard 50 mg/dL threshold, an EPIC-Norfolk study of 623 cases and 948 controls across two assays (J Lipid Res 2016)
- A common lab method for estimating Lp(a) cholesterol correlates poorly with actual Lp(a) mass, risking misclassified risk, a study of 552 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2016)
- Adjusting the Friedewald LDL formula for Lp(a) does not improve heart disease risk prediction, the Quebec Cardiovascular Study of 2222 men (Atherosclerosis 2002)
- Falling triglycerides shift Lp(a) density in step with LDL, independent of apo(a) size, a study of 75 people (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001)
- A new antibody detects oxidized Lp(a) specifically, revealing higher levels in hypertensive patients with complications, a Japanese study (Circulation 2000)
- A newer Lp(a)-cholesterol assay adds no predictive value over standard Lp(a) mass testing, a WOSCOPS nested case-control study of 238 controls and 108 cases (Atherosclerosis 2000)
- Lp(a) drives premature cardiovascular disease even at goal LDL-C, review calls for universal testing and cascade screening (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Coronary imaging reveals how Lp(a) drives plaque burden and high-risk morphology, review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2026)
- Lp(a) testing is available but underused in Argentina, national survey of 518 laboratories and 18,159 test results (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) is linked to 3.5-times higher odds of treatment intensification, 530-patient academic health-center study (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Lp(a) of 149 nmol/L or more flags greater anatomic coronary disease burden, angiography registry of 2230 (Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2026)
- 1 in 5 children with suspected FH have Lp(a) 105 nmol/L or more, Japanese pediatric screening cohort of 97 (J Atheroscler Thromb 2026)
- First nmol/L-standardised Lp(a) distribution in Japanese patients proposes 25 and 125 nmol/L risk thresholds, LEAP study (J Atheroscler Thromb 2026)
- Queensland Lp(a) testing rose from 652 to 4,364 tests a year over a decade, still underused (Heart Lung Circ 2026)
- Patients find Lp(a) testing acceptable and motivating despite no approved therapy, INTERASPIRE survey across seven countries (Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2026)
- About 1 in 10 Finnish adults has elevated Lp(a), nationally representative survey of 5,484 (Lipids Health Dis 2026)
- Adding Lp(a) improves pre-test probability calibration for obstructive CAD, derivation cohort of 4,262 (Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2026)
- Women have higher Lp(a) than men in acute coronary syndrome, Portuguese cohort of 388 (Rev Port Cardiol 2026)
- Association of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction with Lipoprotein (a) levels in Patients with Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
- Machine learning cuts number needed to test by more than 50% for finding elevated Lp(a), review of the ARISE framework (Curr Opin Lipidol 2026)
- New point-of-care device shows strong correlation with lab Lp(a) assays, validation study of 58 samples (Clin Chem Lab Med 2026)
- Routine Lp(a) testing changed management in most UK lipid clinic patients above 50 mg/dL, even without an Lp(a)-specific drug (Curr Med Res Opin 2026)
- Lp(a) shows no significant link to MASLD, meta-analysis of 21 studies and 418,755 (Front Nutr 2026)
- Fixed 30% Lp(a)-cholesterol correction can misclassify risk, review calls for harmonised molar reporting (Int J Gen Med 2026)
- Two isotope-dilution mass spectrometry reference materials for Lp(a), certified at 212.50 and 40.82 nmol/L, aim to standardise clinical assays (Int J Biol Macromol 2026)
- Lp(a) testing rose from 3,052 to 8,425 orders a year across a US health system, cohort of 450,412 (Am J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Only 36.7% of surveyed Latin American physicians request Lp(a) testing, citing unavailability and cost as the main barriers (BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2025)
- 81% of US clinicians see Lp(a) as a major risk driver, but only 41% back universal testing, national survey of 2,002 (Am J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Nearly a quarter of a Dubai multiethnic cohort has high-risk Lp(a), independent of LDL-C, study of 746 (Int J Cardiol 2026)
- Cutting dietary saturated fat raises Lp(a) levels and reshapes its lipid composition, not just its concentration, two DELTA feeding trials find (Nutrients 2025)
- Lp(a) has reached a 'tipping point' where universal one-time screening is justified today, Bhatia argues (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Nearly 30% of Irish lipid-clinic patients have Lp(a) above 125 nmol/L, largest Irish distribution study finds, with levels higher in women (Ir J Med Sci 2025)
- Lp(a) testing is already actionable in primary prevention, Parcha and Bittner argue, proposing a pragmatic clinical framework (Am Heart J Plus 2025)
- One in five people worldwide has elevated Lp(a), yet testing rates remain poor, review of emerging knowledge and therapies finds (Curr Cardiol Rep 2025)
- Why, how, and in whom to measure Lp(a): a review makes the case for prioritising African and South Asian ancestry patients alongside familial and premature ASCVD groups (Diabetes Obes Metab 2025)
- Cutting saturated fat raises Lp(a) even as it lowers LDL-C, a diet effect long assumed not to exist, updated review argues (Nutrients 2025)
- A clinical review by Thanassoulis's group consolidates Lp(a) biology, phenotypes and the late-phase therapeutic pipeline for practising clinicians (Clin Biochem 2025)
- A UK reference-change-value study finds Lp(a) must shift by more than 24-32% between tests to represent a real biological change (Ann Clin Biochem 2025)
- Lp(a) affects up to a quarter of the world's population and carries FH-comparable risk, review argues for universal adult screening and selective pediatric testing (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Review argues coronary artery calcium and Lp(a) testing should be used together, not as alternatives, in intermediate-risk prevention (Curr Cardiol Rep 2025)
- A machine-learning tool (ARISE) could raise Lp(a) testing yield in health systems where only 0.4% of patients are tested (Circ Genom Precis Med 2025)
- The Batary survey of 49 Spanish laboratories finds most lack Lp(a) testing protocols despite 46.87% of results exceeding 30 mg/dL (Clin Investig Arterioscler 2025)
- Fewer than one in four patients with elevated Lp(a) had their lipid-lowering therapy intensified within 30 days (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Survey of 1,001 people with elevated Lp(a) finds most share results with family, but decision regret shapes whether they test their children (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- The largest Arabian Gulf survey of its kind finds only 23.6% of 1,069 physicians have ever ordered an Lp(a) test (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Recalibrating five Lp(a) immunoassays against an IFCC mass-spectrometry reference sharply cuts inter-method variability, Japanese harmonization study finds (J Atheroscler Thromb 2025)
- Only 1.0% of a 1.48 million-person Northern California cohort ever received Lp(a) testing, with sharp racial disparities (J Gen Intern Med 2025)
- Only 3% of 150,000 Chinese health-checkup attendees were tested for Lp(a), yet it still predicted carotid plaque and thickening, cross-sectional study finds (J Atheroscler Thromb 2025)
- At Mayo Clinic, only 0.15% of 257,225 patients with a lipid panel had Lp(a) tested within a year, and results rarely changed treatment (Am J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- A machine-learning decision tree using LDL-C, CHD status, family history and age identifies clusters with up to 91.1% prevalence of elevated Lp(a) (Int J Cardiol 2025)
- Lp(a) testing among US veterans rose ninefold from 2014 to 2023, but remains extremely rare and unevenly distributed (Am J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Amsterdam UMC case-based review argues interventional cardiologists should measure Lp(a) routinely, given liberal but under-used guideline endorsement (Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2024)
- One in three stable lipid-clinic patients showed Lp(a) swings over 25%, challenging the once-in-a-lifetime testing dogma (Med Clin (Barc) 2024)
- Johns Hopkins testing rate for Lp(a) rose tenfold over five years, but only 20% of those found elevated got a new prescription (Am J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- A new Lp(a)-inclusive risk calculator recategorised two-thirds of 671 patients upward, but an average 21 mg/dL LDL-C cut could offset most of the added risk (High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2024)
- Only 81% of surveyed UK lipid clinics can measure Lp(a), and reporting units still vary widely, a national survey (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- Lp(a) testing rose 109% over five years at a UAE quaternary centre, and abnormal Lp(a) tracked with cardiovascular disease in 5,677 tested patients (Front Cardiovasc Med 2024)
- Low pretreatment Lp(a) predicts EGFR mutations and shorter progression-free survival in 338 lung adenocarcinoma patients on EGFR-TKI therapy (Int J Gen Med 2024)
- Hegele, Mancini and colleagues update how to apply Lp(a) in ASCVD risk assessment under Canada's once-in-a-lifetime testing guideline (CJC Open 2024)
- Cascade testing for Lp(a) yields 4x more elevated cases when starting from FH index patients who also have high Lp(a), in 103 children and adolescents (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- UK national survey finds only 3 of 65 responding labs had fully adopted the 2019 HEART UK Lp(a) standardisation recommendations (Ann Clin Biochem 2024)
- Lipoprotein(a) should be measured once in a lifetime as part of standard non-fasting lipid testing, German national guidance argues (Dtsch Arztebl Int 2023)
- Lp(a) reaches adult levels by age 2 and stays stable for life, supporting a single universal screening test in youth aged 9-11 or 17-21, a review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023)
- Lp(a) testing rose steadily but remained rare at the University of Rochester Medical Center, identifying only 2,698 patients ever tested (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- A new formula corrects LDL cholesterol for lipoprotein(a) cholesterol content, eliminating negative values seen with the standard 30% assumption (Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) (>50 mg/dL) doubles coronary event risk even in older men, a prospective study of 755 individuals followed 8 years (J Lipid Res 2022)
- About 20% of people have elevated Lp(a), yet guidelines diverge sharply on how to manage it, and youth recommendations barely exist, a review (Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021)
- Lp(a)-derived cholesterol inflates LDL-C readings in 30-50% of familial hypercholesterolaemia patients, complicating diagnosis, a review (Curr Opin Lipidol 2020)
- Advanced liver fibrosis from NASH lowers Lp(a) levels, undermining its value as a cardiovascular risk marker in 176 patients (Atherosclerosis 2020)
- Lp(a) molar-to-mass conversion ratios vary two to three-fold by assay and isoform, a study of 1635 samples across 5 commercial tests (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Elevated Lp(a) is common in patients needing coronary intervention despite controlled risk factors, but screening does not change physician treatment decisions, a study of 113 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2017)
- Lp(a) is significantly higher in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, a meta-analysis of 9 studies (Angiology 2017)
- Two common Lp(a) assays disagree on classification for 23% of patients, a study of 144 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2012)
- Lp(a) particle behavior shifts dramatically with high triglycerides, correlating mainly with HDL subfractions instead, a study of 148 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2012)
- Lp(a) does not predict early carotid thickening, suggesting a thrombotic rather than atherogenic mechanism, a Spanish study of 172 healthy adults (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012)
- 84% of high-Lp(a) patients in a lipid clinic were not on niacin despite meeting treatment criteria, a cohort of 692 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2012)
- A new chromatography method for measuring Lp(a) cholesterol correlates strongly with standard assays, a methods study (J Lipid Res 2010)
- Lp(a) adds modest but real predictive value for MACE after acute coronary syndrome, 300-patient cohort (J Clin Med 2026)
- Lp(a) and insulin resistance jointly predict atherosclerotic plaque with a U-shaped interaction, 10,753-person Chinese cohort (Lipids Health Dis 2026)
- Markedly elevated Lp(a) unmasks vulnerable plaque missed by a zero calcium score, case report in sarcoidosis (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Lp(a) screening moves toward routine clinical practice, review for advanced practice clinicians (JAAPA 2026)
- Serum and plasma Lp(a) measurements agree closely, ARIC study of 100 participants (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Monocyte-to-HDL and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratios track with high Lp(a) in healthy adults, diagnostic accuracy study (Acta Cardiol Sin 2026)
- It's time to test all adults for Lp(a), commentary on the 2026 ACC/AHA guideline (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Mass-spectrometry method changes the Lp(a) proteome, but a 34-protein core is method-independent (J Clin Med 2026)
- Association of Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Diabetes Mellitus With Survival Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Findings From the CIN-II and RED-CARPET Cohorts
- Quality-improvement initiative roughly doubles Lp(a) ordering in an outpatient cardiology clinic (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Serum Lp(a) predicts progression-free survival and severe adverse events in 227 lung adenocarcinoma patients on first-line chemoimmunotherapy (Front Immunol 2026)
- Only two of eighteen GPs routinely tested for Lp(a) before LILAC-for-Lp(a) training reshaped their confidence, multi-method study finds (Front Med (Lausanne) 2026)
- A minireview makes the case for standardised Lp(a) measurement as LDL-C-normal cardiovascular risk stays underexplained (Int J Mol Sci 2025)
- Cost, distress and clinician reluctance are the main barriers to Lp(a) testing, qualitative study of 50 participants (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- 12% of Vietnamese cardiologists screened at a national congress had elevated Lp(a), even among those with well-controlled lipids, pilot study finds (Health Sci Rep 2025)
- Does Lp(a) protect against or promote cancer? Experimental and clinical evidence remain contradictory, review finds, with implications for anti-Lp(a) drugs (Semin Cancer Biol 2025)
- Combining the diagonal earlobe crease with Lp(a) gives a 0.729 AUC for diagnosing coronary heart disease, 862-patient study finds (Sci Rep 2025)
- A 44-year-old woman with low calculated ASCVD risk but severe, calcified coronary disease illustrates why Lp(a) testing shouldn't wait for guideline mandates, case-based review argues (Am Heart J Plus 2025)
- A 30-minute Lp(a) teaching session nearly tripled residents' Lp(a) test ordering and raised confidence scores from 10 to 24 out of 25 (Cureus 2025)
- Real-world data on how elevated Lp(a) patients are actually managed remains scarce, review argues for national and international registries (Curr Opin Lipidol 2025)
- A new fully automated latex-immunoturbidimetric Lp(a) assay matches an existing commercial method with 0.9972 correlation, development study finds (Biotechnol Lett 2025)
- A clinician-focused review consolidates Lp(a)'s path from biomarker discovery to emerging targeted therapy (Am J Cardiol 2025)
- Lp(a) rose significantly 3 months after acute coronary syndrome in all 40 patients studied, challenging single-timepoint measurement (Pol Arch Intern Med 2025)
- 10-30% of the world's population has Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL, Spanish clinical laboratory review finds, mapping who to test and how (Adv Lab Med 2025)
- Patients call elevated Lp(a) an "invisible" disorder, with clinicians often reluctant to test given the lack of effective treatment (Patient Prefer Adherence 2025)
- 44% of Singapore cardiology and endocrinology specialists never test for Lp(a), mainly citing no effective treatment (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- In a UK NHS lipid clinic, 46% of 192 tested patients had abnormal Lp(a), with 16% at high or very high HEART UK risk (Qatar Med J 2025)
- Qualitative interviews with 41 cardiology staff in Singapore reveal why Lp(a) testing still lags despite consensus guidance (PLoS One 2025)
- A one-off gamified lecture doubles resident Lp(a) knowledge scores and modestly lifts screening at an academic primary care clinic (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Clinically oriented review outlines how to bring Lp(a) testing into routine Polish practice under the 2025 ESC/EAS update (Arch Med Sci 2025)
- Pre-appointment EHR messages to providers more than triple Lp(a) test orders in a US community health system (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Only 212 Lp(a) tests were run per year across a nationwide Pakistani lab network, yet 37.2% of results exceeded 30 mg/dL (Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2024)
- New LC-MS/MS method quantifies Lp(a) alongside 13 other apolipoproteins from just 5 microlitres of plasma (Analyst 2024)
- Review asks whether Lp(a) measurement is accurate enough yet to support large-scale outcome trials (Int J Cardiol 2024)
- Only 31% of University of Pennsylvania physicians regularly test for Lp(a), citing unfamiliarity and lack of outcomes data, a provider survey (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- Combining Lp(a) with neck circumference improves diagnostic accuracy for coronary heart disease in 791 patients undergoing angiography (Int J Gen Med 2024)
- Review argues Lp(a) testing helps solve the ASCVD risk puzzle specifically for statin-poor-responders and diverse populations (Am Heart J Plus 2024)
- About 5% of the population has highly elevated Lp(a), a Norwegian review of assessment and treatment in clinical practice (Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2023)
- Universal Lp(a) screening meets nearly every criterion except outcome-trial proof that lowering it helps, a review of detection strategies (Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2023)
- LDL-C measurements can misclassify familial hypercholesterolaemia when Lp(a)-cholesterol inflates the reading, a short laboratory-focused review (Cardiol Res 2020)
- Testing for elevated Lp(a) still lacks routine clinical adoption despite causal evidence, a review of screening barriers (Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2019)
- Lp(a) remains an underused target in athero-thrombosis management due to assay standardization challenges, a review of Lp(a) mechanisms and therapy (J Cell Physiol 2018)
- Nephrological guidelines ignore Lp(a) despite its cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease, a review calling for better recognition (Clin Res Cardiol Suppl 2017)
- Only 4 studies have examined Lp(a) and arterial stiffness, but most find a positive link, a review of Lp(a) and vascular stiffness parameters (Pulse (Basel) 2015)
- Lp(a) mass measurements conflate particle size with true risk, a review calling for a mass-insensitive assay (J Clin Lipidol 2014)
- High Lp(a) drives premature, progressive coronary disease in a young woman despite optimal LDL-C control, case report (JACC Case Rep 2026)
- Analytical Validation of Direct Lipoprotein(a)-Cholesterol Assay
- A patient, his endocrinologist and a patient association describe living with, diagnosing and campaigning for elevated Lp(a) awareness (Cardiol Ther 2025)
- Perspective piece asks whether digital health tools can push Lp(a) testing toward the ubiquity of A1C (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- In 67 statin-naive adults, Lp(a) is independent of the standard lipid profile but rises with age, reinforcing the case for dedicated screening (Wiad Lek 2025)
- Opinion review argues Lp(a) must move from a neglected biomarker to a routinely measured one now that lowering agents are near approval (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Case report: a veteran athlete with a QRISK3 score of 4.1% turns out to have 75% coronary stenosis driven by elevated Lp(a) (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Two women with normal cholesterol and low coronary calcium scores still had significant coronary disease and high Lp(a), a case report (J Clin Lipidol 2020)
- A liver transplant recipient developed elevated Lp(a) and accelerated atherosclerosis after transplantation, a case report (J Clin Lipidol 2016)
- Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and Achieving Target Values of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Calculated by Different Equations
- Clinical value of Lipoprotein(a) combined with CatLet coronary score in predicting adverse events after emergency PCI for AMI patients
Guidelines 17
Consensus and guideline documents.
- 2018 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: Lp(a) as a risk-enhancing factor (Grundy et al., Circulation 2019)
- The Polish Cardiac Society and Polish Lipid Association publish the country first expert recommendations on diagnosing and managing elevated lipoprotein(a) (Arch Med Sci 2024)
- The Beijing Heart Society issues an expert scientific statement on Lp(a) and cardiovascular disease specific to the Chinese population (JACC Asia 2022)
- Seven international stakeholder organisations convene a global think tank to answer clinicians top questions on managing Lp(a) (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2022)
- Kamstrup, Nordestgaard and colleagues propose minimum data standards to harmonise future Lp(a) observational research (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Reyes-Soffer, Yeang, Michos and Ballantyne argue Lp(a) population screening should start now, ahead of phase 3 apo(a)-lowering trial results (Am J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Three phase 3 Lp(a)-lowering outcomes trials will start reporting from 2025, a National Lipid Association Expert Panel maps what remains unknown about lipoprotein(a) (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- Gulf countries expert consensus endorses routine Lp(a) testing in cardiovascular risk assessment (Atheroscler Plus 2026)
- What the suboptimal rollout of LDL-C therapy should teach the field before Lp(a)-lowering drugs reach the clinic, Sarraju and Nissen argue (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Review consolidates the case for Lp(a) as a causal driver of ASCVD and aortic valve stenosis behind three major guideline bodies (Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 2025)
- Review argues an elevated Lp(a) is actionable today, through LDL-C control, PCSK9 inhibitors and aspirin, not just future dedicated drugs (Curr Opin Lipidol 2024)
- A pan-European/North American comparison of Lp(a) guidelines converges on a risk calculator and lifetime screening, by three leading researchers (Curr Opin Lipidol 2022)
5 more in Guidelines
- SREBP1, gut-derived TMAO, and Lp(a) all feed 'residual risk' left after LDL-C control, precision-medicine review argues for guideline-integrated management (J Vis Exp 2025)
- Review argues Lp(a) testing and risk-based management should not wait for outcome-trial results (Atheroscler Plus 2024)
- Practical guidance review outlines managing elevated Lp(a) today while four RNA-based agents complete outcome trials (South Med J 2024)
- Review calls out ethnic and racial disparities in Lp(a) inheritance as an underappreciated piece of the residual-risk puzzle (J Natl Med Assoc 2024)
- Guidelines recommend Lp(a) testing for risk reclassification in intermediate-risk patients, a review of Lp(a)'s cardiovascular and non-cardiac disease associations (Curr Med Chem 2017)
Inflammation 93
CRP, IL-6, oxidised phospholipids and Lp(a) risk.
- Oxidised phospholipids on Lp(a) drive arterial wall inflammation and a primed monocyte response (van der Valk et al., Circulation 2016)
- Lp(a) raises cardiovascular risk regardless of hs-CRP, in primary and secondary prevention (Small et al., JAMA Cardiol 2024)
- Lp(a) and interleukin-6 are independent, additive predictors of coronary events: MESA and UK Biobank (Bhatia et al., JACC 2025)
- Elevated hs-CRP, LDL-C and Lp(a) each independently predict 30-year stroke risk in healthy women, Women's Health Study finds (Lancet Neurol 2025)
- Combined LDL-C, Lp(a) and hsCRP identify highest ASCVD risk across ethnicities, multiethnic HELIUS cohort of 15,676 (J Am Coll Cardiol 2026)
- Lp(a), remnant cholesterol and hsCRP each independently add to MI risk prediction, UK Biobank cohort of 306,183 (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) independently predicts incident atrial fibrillation regardless of inflammatory status, 365,899-participant UK Biobank study finds (Heart Rhythm 2025)
- Colchicine's cardiovascular benefit in the LoDoCo2 trial was greatest in patients with elevated Lp(a), and even more clearly modified by oxidised phospholipids on ApoB (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Autoimmune disease and elevated Lp(a) combine additively to nearly double MACE risk, 353,035-person UK Biobank analysis finds (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Lp(a) activates monocytes via TLR2 and NF-kB to drive tissue factor expression, the first mechanistic link between Lp(a) and immunothrombosis, systems-biology study finds (J Lipid Res 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) plus high hs-CRP together confer the highest ASCVD risk, pooled 15,933-person ARIC/FOS/MESA analysis finds, especially in men and at intermediate baseline risk (Nutrients 2025)
- Meta-analysis of 562,301 participants confirms Lp(a) raises MACE risk independent of hs-CRP in both primary and secondary prevention (JACC Adv 2024)
81 more in Inflammation
- In 10,000 PCI patients, elevated Lp(a) only predicts death when LDL-C and hs-CRP are both high (Clin Cardiol 2024)
- BiomarCaRE project of 71,678 people finds Lp(a) predicts recurrent coronary events only in those with residual inflammatory risk (Eur Heart J 2024)
- Oxidized phospholipids potentiate Lp(a) coronary risk two-fold when combined with high phospholipase A2 activity, an EPIC-Norfolk study of 763 cases and 1397 controls (J Am Coll Cardiol 2010)
- Oxidized phospholipids on Lp(a) predict 10-year cardiovascular events, amplified by a related enzyme activity, the Bruneck study of 765 people (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007)
- Lp(a) raises post-PCI cardiovascular risk mainly when pericoronary inflammation is high, machine-learning study (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- IL-6 modifies whether Lp(a) predicts cardiovascular events, UK Biobank cohort of 34,092 (Atherosclerosis 2026)
- IL-6 inhibition lowers Lp(a), meta-analysis of 10 studies and 1,201 patients (Am J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Lp(a) predicts ASCVD across glucose-metabolism status independent of CRP, UK Biobank cohort of 307,269 (Diabetes Obes Metab 2026)
- Tea's benefit after coronary heart disease is greatest when Lp(a) is low and CRP is high, UK Biobank analysis of 25,306 patients finds (Front Nutr 2026)
- Dual-high Lp(a) and inflammatory-lipid index carries an 8-fold MACE risk in 1,910 ACS patients with type 2 diabetes (Front Cardiovasc Med 2026)
- Lp(a)'s link to coronary stenosis holds only under low systemic inflammation, 1,513-patient angiography study finds (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Lp(a) drives coronary artery spasm through a CD36-RhoA-IL-6 inflammatory pathway that a natural biflavonoid can block, mechanistic study finds (Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025)
- Combining Lp(a) with CT-quantified pericoronary fat inflammation sharpens MACE prediction in non-obstructive coronary disease, 1,052-patient study finds (Int J Cardiol 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) independently predicts ventricular arrhythmias, even after adjusting for ASCVD, TriNetX cohort of over 116,000 patients finds (Heart Rhythm O2 2025)
- IL-6, not hsCRP, unmasks Lp(a)- and oxidised-phospholipid-associated cardiovascular risk in the LoDoCo2 placebo arm (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- High IL-6, not hsCRP, amplifies the cardiovascular mortality risk of markedly elevated Lp(a), LURIC study of 3,316 angiography patients finds (Clin Res Cardiol 2025)
- Combined elevation of Lp(a), hs-CRP and homocysteine triples stroke risk in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- NHANES III analysis finds high Lp(a) plus high fibrinogen together carry a 2.4-fold higher cancer mortality risk, not just cardiovascular risk (BMC Public Health 2024)
- Amsterdam UMC team finds Lp(a)-carried diacylglycerols drive monocyte inflammation via NLRP3, and pelacarsen lowers these specific lipids (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024)
- Lp(a) improves 20-year cardiovascular risk reclassification beyond the Framingham and Reynolds scores, the ATTICA study (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- Combined elevation of Lp(a) and Lp-PLA2 raises 1-year stroke recurrence risk in 10,675 ischaemic stroke and TIA patients (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- Lp(a) and its oxidised phospholipids predict multivessel coronary disease and cardiovascular events in 1,098 patients undergoing angiography, the CASABLANCA study (J Am Coll Cardiol 2023)
- High Lp(a) doubles coronary heart disease risk only in people with elevated Factor VIII or hs-CRP, an interaction found in 6,495 MESA participants (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- Bempedoic acid modestly raises Lp(a) by 2.4% while lowering hsCRP by 26.5% and LDL-C by 21.1%, a CLEAR Harmony sub-analysis of 817 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises cardiac event risk only when hs-CRP is also high, an interaction found in 10,424 PCI patients (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Lp(a)-related cardiovascular risk only appears when hs-CRP is also elevated, a MESA analysis of 4,679 participants (J Am Coll Cardiol 2021)
- Tocilizumab lowers Lp(a) in rheumatoid arthritis patients, unlike other biologic therapies, the Spanish CARMA study of 775 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2017)
- Oxidized phospholipids bind apo(a) via a specific kringle site unique to humans, explaining Lp(a) pro-atherogenic potential, a mechanistic study (J Lipid Res 2013)
- Lp(a) carries over 85% of oxidized phospholipids in human plasma, a foundational mechanistic study (J Lipid Res 2008)
- Angioplasty acutely raises Lp(a) by 64% and oxidized phospholipids by 36%, a mechanistic study of 141 patients (Circulation 2004)
- High CRP or Lp(a), but not homocysteine, predict adverse events after coronary stenting, a study of 483 patients followed 3 years (J Am Coll Cardiol 2002)
- Lp(a) does not predict peripheral artery disease, unlike CRP and the cholesterol ratio, a study of 14,916 physicians (JAMA 2001)
- Lp(a) combined with Chlamydia antibodies in immune complexes nearly quadruples heart attack risk, a Swedish study of 78 cases and 156 controls (Eur Heart J 2000)
- CKD enriches Lp(a) with triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and oxidised phospholipids, 54-patient lipidomic study (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- High Lp(a) raises coronary heart disease risk only alongside high hsCRP in a 4128-person Chinese cohort (Clin Chim Acta 2026)
- Lp(a) and inflammation (CAR) jointly predict poor 90-day outcome after stroke in elderly patients, cohort of 732 (Lipids Health Dis 2026)
- Lp(a) is elevated across autoimmune diseases with limited evidence that anti-inflammatory therapy helps, systematic review of 13 studies (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Lp(a) drives coronary microvascular dysfunction via antifibrinolytic and oxidised-phospholipid pathways, review (Life Sci 2026)
- Lp(a) falls 21% within weeks of kidney transplant, unrelated to autotaxin activity, Polish cohort of 55 (Int J Mol Sci 2026)
- Lp(a) drives atherosclerosis through endothelial injury, inflammation and impaired fibrinolysis, review (Eur Cardiol 2026)
- Lp(a) may be the mechanistic bridge between inflammation and excess cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis, review argues, with IL-6 blockade as a lever (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Updated meta-analysis confirms psoriasis patients have significantly higher Lp(a), with the gap twice as large in Europeans as in Asians (World J Clin Cases 2025)
- In patients 75 and older with established ASCVD, inflammation predicts MACE more strongly than Lp(a), 2,333-patient Fuwai Hospital study finds (Age Ageing 2025)
- High Lp(a) combined with elevated monocyte-to-HDL-C ratio predicts peripheral artery disease 9.5 years earlier, 361-patient study finds (Int J Mol Sci 2025)
- The Lp(a) paradox: high levels drive atherosclerosis but very low levels may raise type 2 diabetes risk, review argues for a risk-benefit reckoning (Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2025)
- Systemic sclerosis patients have higher Lp(a) and triglycerides but lower HDL-C than healthy controls, meta-analysis of over 2,500 participants finds (Rheumatol Int 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) combined with a high monocyte count carries the greatest risk of carotid plaque progression in premature coronary disease, 102-patient study finds (Diseases 2025)
- Serum Lp(a) is higher in rheumatic heart valve disease and tracks with mitral stenosis severity and valve involvement, 80-patient study finds a possible new link (Lipids 2025)
- Amsterdam UMC study finds high Lp(a) raises monocyte inflammation genes but not chromatin accessibility, pointing to a non-epigenetic mechanism (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- PPARgamma suppresses IL-6-driven Lp(a) production in liver cells, and the diabetes drug pioglitazone can trigger that suppression (J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2024)
- Review by Borén and colleagues explains why Lp(a) is roughly six times more atherogenic than LDL per particle (Curr Opin Cardiol 2024)
- High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio unmasks Lp(a)'s prognostic harm after PCI, especially in women, 7,922-patient study finds (Angiology 2025)
- Concurrent high Lp(a) and hs-CRP nearly quadruples cardiovascular death risk after acute myocardial infarction in 912 patients (Front Endocrinol 2024)
- Combined elevation of Lp(a) and hs-CRP, not Lp(a) alone, raises platelet reactivity on clopidogrel in 6,615 PCI patients (Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2024)
- Interleukin-6 receptor inhibitors lower Lp(a) by 16-41%, less than dedicated Lp(a) drugs but with an added anti-inflammatory effect, a review (Atheroscler Plus 2023)
- High-dose omega-3 fatty acids cut arterial inflammation by 4% in patients with elevated Lp(a), an EPA-driven effect, a pilot PET/CT study of 12 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- Lp(a) rises with thrombotic activity but falls with inflammation during COVID-19 hospitalisation, with no link to mortality, in 211 Danish patients (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Nano-curcumin (80 mg/day) cuts Lp(a) and hs-CRP over 90 days in 64 type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease, an RCT (Biofactors 2023)
- Lp(a) surges during COVID-19 hospitalisation and those with the biggest rise face a 3-fold higher risk of blood clots, a Dutch pilot study of 219 patients (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Bariatric surgery paradoxically raises Lp(a) by 66% while cutting oxidised-phospholipid markers, a prospective study of 59 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2021)
- Conjugated linoleic acid supplements raise both CRP and Lp(a) levels, a meta-analysis of 21 randomised trials (Iran J Med Sci 2019)
- Blocking IL-6 with tocilizumab does not lower Lp(a) in heart attack patients, a randomised trial of 117 NSTEMI patients (Int J Cardiol 2019)
- Elevated Lp(a) shifts monocytes toward a more inflammatory subset, a study of 90 patients with stable coronary disease (J Clin Lipidol 2015)
- Lp(a) carries the inflammatory chemokine MCP-1 in human plasma via oxidized phospholipids, a mechanistic study (J Lipid Res 2013)
- High-risk Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL is nearly twice as common in inflammatory bowel disease patients as in matched controls (Med Clin (Barc) 2026)
- Lp(a) is significantly higher in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis than in healthy controls, meta-analysis of 1,978 participants finds (Ann Gastroenterol 2026)
- Lp(a) may drive diabetic kidney disease via TGF-beta fibrosis and podocyte injury, review of unresolved mechanisms (Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2026)
- Serum Lp(a) predicts endothelial dysfunction in 123 hemodialysis patients, with AUC up to 0.853 for poor vascular reactivity (Ren Fail 2025)
- LDL-C and Lp(a) push monocytes and macrophages into a self-perpetuating foam-cell-forming, pro-inflammatory cycle, review explains (Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2025)
- Combining Lp(a) with hs-CRP raises coronary heart disease diagnostic AUC to 0.924, beating either marker alone (Am J Transl Res 2025)
- Review explores Lp(a)'s dual role in both driving and, in some contexts, dampening the inflammation behind atherosclerosis (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024)
- Periodontal inflammation area correlates with both IL-6 and Lp(a) in diabetic patients, more strongly in those with retinopathy (World J Diabetes 2024)
- Higher Lp(a) and TG/HDL-C ratio flag unstable carotid plaque in 142 acute ischaemic stroke patients (Brain Behav 2024)
- Lp(a) is linked to greater peri-coronary inflammation in people with HIV compared to those without, in a study of 79 participants (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- Lp(a) cardiovascular risk may run through inflammation, and lowering it partly reverses the inflammatory profile, a review (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- How much do oxidised phospholipids explain Lp(a) danger, and can drugs lower them? An update review (Eur J Clin Invest 2022)
- IL-6 receptor blockade with tocilizumab reverses high Lp(a) in rheumatoid arthritis, hinting at an inflammatory route to Lp(a) control, a review (Pharmacol Res 2021)
- Could Lp(a) explain COVID-19 clotting complications? A Dutch-led team proposes IL-6-driven Lp(a) surges as a testable hypothesis (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020)
- Lp(a) and inflammation together erode endothelial integrity, a review of their dangerous interaction (Pharmacol Res 2017)
- Lp(a) carries an enzyme that degrades oxidized phospholipids, a review of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007)
- Lp(a)-monocyte associations differ by race in single-cell RNA-seq analysis, 34-participant preprint study (bioRxiv 2026)
Mechanisms 133
How the particle does its damage.
- High Lp(a) accelerates low-attenuation (necrotic core) plaque progression on serial CT angiography (Kaiser et al., JACC 2022)
- Lp(a) tracks focal vulnerable plaques, LDL-C tracks pancoronary plaque burden: PROSPECT II (Erlinge et al., JACC 2025)
- High-risk Lp(a) accelerates coronary plaque progression across CCTA, IVUS and OCT, meta-analysis of 19,822 (Atherosclerosis 2026)
- EPA uniquely blocks Lp(a)'s faster oxidation compared with other ApoB particles, mechanistic study by Libby and Bhatt's group finds (Cardiovasc Res 2025)
- Low-attenuation coronary plaque mediates 73.3% of Lp(a)'s effect on future heart attack risk in a validated 6,729-patient study (J Am Coll Cardiol 2024)
- Nature Reviews Cardiology essay revisits how Lp(a) affects platelets, and why the ASPREE trial found aspirin helped genetically high-Lp(a) individuals most (Nat Rev Cardiol 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts high-risk plaque features but not calcified volume, CCTA study of 3,642 individual plaques (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Lp(a) shifts across pregnancy and menopause and demands sex-specific attention, review of women's cardiovascular health (JACC Adv 2026)
- Lp(a) drives adverse cardiac remodeling only in Hispanic adults, MESA cohort of 2,366 (Circ Popul Health Outcomes 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) is linked to fewer vascular repair progenitor cells and more inflammatory monocytes, CardioLink-16 translational study finds (Cardiovasc Res 2025)
- Lp(a) is procoagulant, not antifibrinolytic, in whole particle form, mechanistic clot study (J Thromb Haemost 2026)
- Certain SSRIs boost Lp(a) uptake into cells via serotonin and a plasminogen receptor, raising the prospect of repurposing them as Lp(a)-lowering drugs (J Lipid Res 2025)
121 more in Mechanisms
- Lp(a) is as potent a driver of peripheral artery disease as of coronary disease, but its mechanism may differ above versus below the knee, Koschinsky and Boffa argue (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2025)
- Beyond oxidised phospholipids: diacylglycerols, a novel endothelial receptor and accelerated coagulation emerge as new Lp(a) cellular targets, Koschinsky group review finds (Curr Opin Lipidol 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) causes more diffuse coronary flow limitation, PIONEER IV substudy of 150 matched patients (Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2026)
- Low Lp(a) aids clot dissolution but oxidised Lp(a) blocks it, a biphasic effect mechanistic study finds, explaining Lp(a)'s prothrombotic potential (J Lipid Atheroscler 2025)
- Meta-analysis of 27 RCTs finds lower saturated-fat diets modestly raise Lp(a), especially when SFA is swapped for carbs or trans fats (Am J Clin Nutr 2024)
- Miami Heart Study finds elevated Lp(a) predicts coronary plaque even in 1,200 asymptomatic adults with a zero calcium score (Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2024)
- CASABLANCA study finds Lp(a) above 150 nmol/L nearly doubles the risk of stage A/B heart failure progressing to symptomatic disease (J Am Heart Assoc 2024)
- Lp(a) at or above 30 mg/dL plus carotid plaque together carry a 4.18-fold ASCVD risk over 11.5 years in 5,471 participants (J Am Heart Assoc 2024)
- In 10,435 PCI patients, Lp(a)'s cardiovascular risk sharpens as kidney function worsens and nearly vanishes with normal kidneys (Clin Kidney J 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) is linked to subclinical myocardial fibrosis and left atrial remodelling in 2,826 MESA participants (J Am Coll Cardiol 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) is associated with both the prevalence and progression of coronary artery calcification, a meta-analysis of 40,073 individuals (Atherosclerosis 2024)
- Lp(a) above 60 mg/dL is linked to greater coronary plaque volume on IVUS, a pooled analysis of 3,943 patients across 6 trials (J Am Heart Assoc 2020)
- Low Lp(a) combined with high insulin resistance nearly doubles fatty liver disease risk, in 22,534 Korean adults (Atherosclerosis 2020)
- High Lp(a) marks vulnerable, lipid-rich coronary plaques in acute coronary syndrome, an imaging study of 500 angiographic and 51 OCT patients (Atherosclerosis 2016)
- High familial Lp(a) impairs blood vessel function in children, an effect blunted by early dietary intervention, the Finnish STRIP study at age 11 (J Pediatr 2015)
- A low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet raises Lp(a) alongside oxidized phospholipids and smaller LDL particles, a crossover trial of 63 healthy adults (J Lipid Res 2010)
- Lp(a) above 300 mg/L more than doubles the risk of retinal vein occlusion, an Italian case-control study of 262 patients and 262 controls (Atherosclerosis 2010)
- Lp(a) predicts carotid stenosis and occlusion but not total plaque area, suggesting a thrombotic mechanism, a study of 876 patients (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008)
- Lp(a), not fibrinogen, independently predicts coronary plaque progression on serial imaging, a study of 60 left main coronary arteries (J Am Coll Cardiol 2006)
- Lp(a) impairs blood vessel function most strongly in African Americans, who have nearly 4 times higher levels than Caucasians, a multiethnic study of 89 people (J Am Coll Cardiol 2004)
- Lp(a) above 450 mg/L predicts earlier restenosis after angioplasty, especially combined with anticardiolipin antibodies, a study of 167 patients (Atherosclerosis 2001)
- Lp(a) predicts prior heart attack in patients with coronary spasm, a Japanese study across three patient groups (J Am Coll Cardiol 2000)
- Nephrotic syndrome flares triple Lp(a) binding to fibrin, revealing a competitive tug-of-war with plasminogen, a study of 61 children (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000)
- Lp(a) and homocysteine each independently stiffen arteries in treated hypertension, 366-patient cross-sectional study (J Clin Med 2026)
- Lp(a) predicts post-stroke cognitive impairment independent of inflammation, 954-patient Chinese registry substudy (Transl Stroke Res 2026)
- Lp(a) above 18.8 mg/dL independently predicts coronary plaque vulnerability on IVUS, 292-patient study (J Atheroscler Thromb 2026)
- Hyperacute-phase Lp(a) predicts intracoronary thrombus, stable-phase Lp(a) predicts layered plaque, OCT study of 142 (Coron Artery Dis 2026)
- Lp(a) and triglyceride-rich particles are several-fold more atherogenic than LDL per particle, review on combination therapy (Pharmacol Ther 2026)
- Lp(a) drives cardiomyocyte ferroptosis through a ROS-p38-p53-SLC7A11 pathway, in vitro and mouse study finds (Front Med (Lausanne) 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts mechanical prosthetic heart valve thrombosis, with a threshold above 19.6 mg/dL flagging risk (J Artif Organs 2025)
- When Lp(a) dominates a patient's atherogenic particle burden, multivessel coronary disease becomes more likely, 420-patient ACS study finds (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- A 'panvascular disease' framework unifies Lp(a)'s role across coronary, cerebral, peripheral and valvular atherosclerosis, review argues, with sex-specific risk patterns (Lipids Health Dis 2025)
- Lp(a) raises cardiovascular risk in diabetes yet paradoxically low Lp(a) predicts developing diabetes in the first place, review by Corral's group finds (Curr Opin Lipidol 2025)
- First report links elevated Lp(a) to aortic root dilatation specifically in hypertensive patients, in 513 inpatients (Echocardiography 2025)
- IVUS study links elevated Lp(a) to more neoatherosclerosis and a 3.4-fold higher odds of stent edge restenosis after PCI (Int J Gen Med 2025)
- Lp(a) is elevated in people with HIV and inversely tracks with coronary endothelial function, a possible driver of HIV-associated cardiovascular risk (J Am Heart Assoc 2024)
- New "risk-weighted apoB" metric corrects for apoB underestimating risk when Lp(a) is high, using its roughly sevenfold greater atherogenicity per particle (Lipids Health Dis 2024)
- Systematic review of 2,058 patients finds elevated Lp(a) consistently linked to vulnerable carotid plaque features (J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024)
- Higher Lp(a) tracks with better lung function in 679 older adults, but Mendelian randomisation finds no causal link (Biomedicines 2024)
- A larger early drop in Lp(a) after emergency PCI paradoxically predicts worse outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (World J Cardiol 2024)
- Lp(a) alone, without added oxidized phospholipid measures, doubles the odds of a major limb event in 446 angiography patients (J Lipid Res 2024)
- In 227 hypertensive patients, elevated Lp(a) tracks specifically with worse nocturnal blood pressure and pulse pressure patterns (Sci Rep 2024)
- Serum Lp(a) predicts aortic stiffness with an AUC of 0.77 in 148 long-term peritoneal dialysis patients (Med Sci Monit 2024)
- Meta-analysis of 23,105 asymptomatic patients finds elevated Lp(a) raises the odds of any coronary calcium by 31%, though evidence certainty is low (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Smaller apo(a) isoforms and denser fibrin networks link elevated Lp(a) to thromboembolism, a review of prothrombotic and antifibrinolytic mechanisms (Arch Med Sci 2024)
- Lp(a) falls as triglycerides rise above 300 mg/dL, but only without diabetes, obesity or familial hypercholesterolaemia, in 5,275 Spanish lipid-clinic patients (Clin Investig Arterioscler 2024)
- Coronary microvascular dysfunction is five times more common in asymptomatic people with high Lp(a), with or without familial hypercholesterolaemia (Atherosclerosis 2024)
- A national database of 87,379 patients confirms no link between Lp(a) and retinal vein occlusion, validating a small-cohort null finding (Can J Ophthalmol 2024)
- Is Lp(a) more than a bystander in hypertension? A review of the mechanistic evidence linking Lp(a) to blood pressure and hypertensive organ damage (Int J Mol Sci 2023)
- Plasminogen receptors PlgRKT, annexin A2 and S100A10 drive Lp(a) uptake into liver cells via macropinocytosis (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023)
- Decreased Lp(a), unlike increased ApoB, is paradoxically linked to metabolic syndrome in a meta-analysis of 150,519 people across 50 studies (Lipids Health Dis 2023)
- Transgenic mice expressing human Lp(a) develop larger, more vulnerable, more calcified atherosclerotic plaques, an effect specific to females (Atherosclerosis 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) is linked to a roughly fourfold higher risk of ischaemic stroke and thrombosis in children, though screening guidelines remain inconsistent, a review (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023)
- Lp(a) is 50% lower in patients with fatty liver inflammation (NASH) than simple fatty liver (NAFL), a discordant biopsy-based finding in 151 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) tracks with lipid-rich, vulnerable coronary plaque specifically in diabetic patients on statins, the REASSURE-NIRS registry of 312 patients (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- About 30% of hypertensive patients in one clinic had elevated Lp(a), though the mechanistic link to blood pressure remains unclear, a review (Curr Hypertens Rep 2021)
- High Lp(a) (>20 mg/dL) blocks coronary plaque regression despite statin therapy after ACS, the Yokohama-ACS IVUS substudy of 76 patients (J Cardiol 2020)
- Omega-3 plus vitamin E supplementation lowers Lp(a) gene expression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, a randomised trial of 68 patients (Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017)
- Ribose-cysteine supplementation raises antioxidant glutathione and lowers Lp(a) in transgenic mice, a mechanistic study (Atherosclerosis 2014)
- Lp(a) rises stepwise with coronary vessel disease and abdominal, but not thoracic, aortic plaque, an MRI study of 143 patients (Atherosclerosis 2012)
- Oxidized Lp(a) appears early in endothelial cells while native Lp(a) marks later fibrin deposits, a study of carotid and cerebral artery plaques (Atherosclerosis 2011)
- Elevated Lp(a) does not thicken carotid arteries in healthy young adults, a study of 151 volunteers (Atherosclerosis 2007)
- High Lp(a) blunts insulin-enhanced coronary blood flow in young healthy men, a PET imaging study of 30 men (Atherosclerosis 2005)
- A low-fat diet raises Lp(a) by up to 9% and oxidized LDL by up to 27%, a dietary trial of 37 women (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004)
- Soy protein doubles Lp(a), but alcohol-extracting it eliminates the effect, a crossover trial of 12 people (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002)
- Anabolic steroids lower Lp(a) while testosterone suppression raises it, a study of 26 men (Atherosclerosis 2001)
- Lp(a) is higher in heart attacks that strike in the early morning, linking it to a circadian clotting surge, a study of 42 patients (Atherosclerosis 2001)
- Lp(a) impairs blood vessel dilation in healthy postmenopausal women, a Dutch study of 105 women (Atherosclerosis 2000)
- Glycated Lp(a) worsens blood clot-dissolving capacity in vascular cells more than native Lp(a), a mechanistic study relevant to diabetes (Atherosclerosis 2000)
- Oral estrogen lowers Lp(a) by 23%, linked to a doubling of IGFBP-1, a trial of 73 postmenopausal women (Atherosclerosis 2000)
- Lp(a) doubles during normal pregnancy but is not further raised by pre-eclampsia, a Scottish study of 30 women (Atherosclerosis 2000)
- Falling Lp(a) in MASLD reflects liver damage, not falling cardiovascular risk (Curr Cardiol Rep 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises VLDL particle number, not composition, in normotriglyceridemic adults, study of 70 (Int J Mol Sci 2026)
- A structural and clinical review of Lp(a)'s bidirectional risk and the emerging therapies targeting it (J Clin Biochem Nutr 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) impairs coronary flow reserve, a marker of subclinical vasomotor dysfunction, in a 25-versus-30-patient comparison (Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) does not predict earlier Alzheimer's onset in adults with Down syndrome, hinting at unique protective factors, 96-patient study finds (Alzheimers Dement 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) tracks with cardiac MRI signs of myocardial fibrosis in group II pulmonary hypertension from HFpEF (Future Cardiol 2025)
- Review weighs conflicting evidence on whether lowering LDL-C blunts the cardiovascular risk carried by elevated Lp(a) (Biomolecules 2025)
- Systematic review of 26 studies finds Mendelian randomisation but not observational data supports a causal role for Lp(a) in atrial fibrillation (Pol Arch Intern Med 2025)
- Case report: the IGF-1 receptor blocker teprotumumab drove Lp(a) above the atherogenic threshold in a Graves' orbitopathy patient (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Review maps how Lp(a)'s proatherogenic and prothrombotic biology may drive atrial fibrillation, and which Lp(a)-lowering drugs also help (Int J Med Sci 2025)
- Narrative review ties Lp(a)'s pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic biology to higher peripheral arterial disease incidence and restenosis risk (Vasc Health Risk Manag 2025)
- Lp(a) does not predict cardiac allograft vasculopathy in 385 heart transplant recipients, unlike graft rejection history (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Review of 33 trials finds unsaturated-fat diets modestly lower Lp(a) while saturated-fat diets raise it, but effects are inconsistent (Life (Basel) 2024)
- Lp(a) does not correlate with thrombus burden on CT pulmonary angiography in 90 patients with acute pulmonary embolism (Sci Rep 2024)
- Narrative review separates settled from unresolved: Lp(a) firmly drives MI and aortic stenosis, but its role in AF and in-stent restenosis stays unclear (Int J Mol Sci 2024)
- Blocking microRNA-221-3p restores angiogenesis in Lp(a)-injured endothelial progenitor cells via a SIRT1-RAF/MEK/ERK pathway (Mol Med Rep 2024)
- Review notes Lp(a)'s link to peripheral artery disease and carotid atherosclerosis is real but less conclusive than for coronary disease (Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2024)
- Narrative review traces Lp(a)'s pediatric research history from stroke risk marker to a proposed early-life therapeutic target (Int J Mol Sci 2024)
- Review notes Lp(a)'s stroke association is well replicated in epidemiology but only marginal in Mendelian randomisation studies (J Int Med Res 2024)
- Review argues Lp(a)'s well-established link to coronary and cerebrovascular disease remains understudied specifically in peripheral artery disease (Biomedicines 2024)
- Review argues electronegative LDL (L5) deserves the same attention as Lp(a) as a distinct atherogenic lipoprotein (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024)
- Fragment-based drug design screens 61,600 molecular fragments to find a novel small-molecule inhibitor of the Lp(a) kringle domain (J Bioenerg Biomembr 2024)
- Lp(a)'s structural resemblance to plasminogen drives both plaque instability and impaired fibrinolysis in myocardial infarction, a narrative review (Rom J Morphol Embryol 2024)
- Review poses the 10 biggest unanswered questions about Lp(a), from its physiological role to how best to use it as a risk marker (Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2024)
- Insulin-like growth factor I may suppress Lp(a) synthesis, opening a novel avenue for hyperlipoproteinemia(a) treatment, a review (Growth Horm IGF Res 2023)
- Lp(a) drives atherosclerosis through plaque formation, thrombogenicity and inflammation, but no approved drug specifically targets it yet, a review (Biomol Biomed 2023)
- Lp(a) drives inflammation, atherosclerosis and thrombosis via oxidised phospholipid transport, but measurement standardisation still lags, a review (Molecules 2023)
- Growth hormone treatment may raise Lp(a) and explain reported cardiovascular morbidity in treated children, a hypothesis piece (Growth Horm IGF Res 2022)
- Oral hormone therapy lowers Lp(a) more than transdermal, and kidney disease raises it while liver disease lowers it, a review of non-genetic influences (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Natural compounds like l-carnitine, coenzyme Q10 and xuezhikang emerge as Lp(a)-lowering options, a review of dietary agents (J Cell Physiol 2019)
- Lifestyle and hormones can modestly influence Lp(a) levels, a review of non-pharmacological Lp(a) management (Curr Med Chem 2017)
- Lp(a) microRNA regulation could hold clues to its role in stroke, a review calling for further research (Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2017)
- Whether Lp(a) directly causes thrombosis or acts only through atherosclerosis remains unresolved, a review of Lp(a) prothrombotic role (J Lipid Res 2016)
- Elevated Lp(a) and prothrombotic changes may drive cardiovascular risk even in early kidney disease, a review (World J Nephrol 2015)
- Only 1 of 4 studies found higher Lp(a) in migraine patients, a systematic review questioning the migraine-Lp(a) link (J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015)
- Elevated Lp(a) is associated with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in non-diabetic hypertension: a 110-patient echocardiographic study (Blood Press 2026)
- Lp(a) shows only a mild link to coagulation factor V, angiographic cohort of 383 (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Impact of hypertension on associations of all-cause mortality with admission lipoprotein (a) in acute decompensated heart failure
- A case of Lp(a) at 925 nmol/L with recurrent cardiovascular events and a confirmed hypercoagulable profile despite optimal therapy (Front Cardiovasc Med 2026)
- A 61-year-old with Lp(a) of 233 nmol/L survives a ruptured 7.3-cm root and ascending aortic aneurysm, case report raises aneurysm-risk question (JACC Case Rep 2025)
- Case report: a 2-year-old with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis had both iron deficiency anaemia and high Lp(a) (Front Pediatr 2025)
- Case series: two young patients presented with spontaneous coronary dissection and thrombosis alongside high Lp(a), not atherosclerosis (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Case report: Lp(a) of 113 mg/dL behind recurrent deep vein thrombosis and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis across two pregnancies (Case Rep Neurol 2025)
- Review finds Lp(a) is a weaker predictor of cerebral atherosclerosis and stroke than of coronary disease (Wiad Lek 2025)
- Case report: an 11-year-old girl's sudden retinal artery occlusion was linked to elevated Lp(a) and high factor VIII (Cureus 2024)
- Systematic review finds hypothyroidism correlates with higher Lp(a), but thyroid hormone replacement doesn't actually lower it (Cureus 2024)
- A rare case links elevated Lp(a) to aortic thrombosis in a non-aneurysmal aorta for the first time, a case report (Vasc Endovascular Surg 2016)
- A 34-year-old man with Lp(a) of 212 mg/dL and stroke saw his level drop 15% with aspirin but not statins, a case report (J Clin Lipidol 2016)
- Lp(a) may drive livedoid vasculopathy through thrombosis, fibrinolysis inhibition and autoimmunity, a hypothesis review (Med Hypotheses 2015)
- Thyroid hormone replacement kept lowering a hypothyroid patient's Lp(a) for over a year, a case report (J Clin Lipidol 2012)
Epidemiology 404
Cohorts, biobanks and registries.
- Lp(a) and the risk of CHD, stroke and non-vascular mortality: the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (JAMA 2009)
- Lp(a) and incident ASCVD in 460,506 UK Biobank participants (Patel et al., ATVB 2021)
- Coronary artery calcium still stratifies risk in people with elevated Lp(a): a four-cohort study (Bhatia et al., JACC 2026)
- Lp(a) lowering of about 50 mg/dL may be needed for a 20 percent MACE reduction in secondary prevention (Madsen et al., ATVB 2020)
- Lp(a) predicts cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia independent of the LDLR mutation: SAFEHEART (Alonso et al., JACC 2014)
- Lp(a) predicts cardiovascular events in Black and White adults alike: ARIC (Virani et al., Circulation 2012)
- Lp(a) and venous thromboembolism: a signal in premenopausal women and in postmenopausal MHT users, none in men (Ezzat et al., EHJ 2026)
- LDL-C, Lp(a) and hs-CRP are independent and synergistic predictors of MACE, on and off statins: UK Biobank (Markus et al., EHJ 2025)
- PREVENT equations perform well but Lp(a) adds independent risk, most in borderline- and low-risk people: MESA and UK Biobank (Bhatia et al., JAMA Cardiol 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) in 2.9 million Chinese adults and its association with multisite subclinical atherosclerosis (Man et al., JACC 2025)
- Aspirin use and lower CHD events in people with Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL: MESA (Bhatia et al., JAHA 2024)
- Lp(a) predicts not just new peripheral artery disease and carotid stenosis but their progression to limb loss and stroke, UK Biobank analysis of 460,544 people finds (Circulation 2025)
392 more in Epidemiology
- Lp(a)-lowering therapy would be cost-effective at up to £5,500 a year in secondary prevention, UK Biobank-based health technology assessment (Atherosclerosis 2026)
- Lp(a) raises coronary event risk mainly by driving plaque burden, SCAPIS cohort of 28,529 (JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2026)
- High Lp(a) and high BMI jointly maximize ASCVD risk, Danish and UK Biobank cohorts of 512,687 (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Very high Lp(a) predicts earlier heart attack and 16-fold higher recurrent MI risk, matched cohort of 446 (JACC Adv 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) more than doubles myocardial infarction risk in 16,117 US Hispanic and Latino adults, a long-underrepresented population (J Am Coll Cardiol 2025)
- Over a quarter of 17,594 US patients with premature ASCVD have Lp(a) of 125 nmol/L or above, with Black patients showing the highest levels (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- ABO blood group A or B sharpens Lp(a)'s link to MACE in chronic coronary syndrome, replicated across two cohorts totalling over 15,500 patients (MedComm (2020) 2025)
- Very high Lp(a) predicts worse coronary plaque burden and higher risk of heart attack, revascularisation and death after angiography, over a median 16.87-year follow-up in 5,118 patients (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- High Lp(a) erases the mortality benefit of high HDL-C, especially in men, cohort of 97,396 (Coron Artery Dis 2026)
- A machine-learning model adding Lp(a) predicts 1-year ASCVD risk better than smoking or diabetes status, validated in 53,930 patients (JACC Adv 2025)
- Lp(a) of 30 mg/dL or above predicts MACE in both primary and secondary prevention, 51,934-subject Taiwanese study confirms the threshold (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Each 50 mg/dL rise in Lp(a) raises premature ASCVD risk by 30% in a pooled 27,756-person, multi-ethnic US cohort (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Top-quartile Lp(a) raises MACE risk 30% and limb-event risk 19% in peripheral artery disease patients, Mass General Brigham registry of 3,757 finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- A large multi-cohort study fails to replicate the earlier signal that aspirin cuts cardiovascular risk specifically in high-Lp(a) adults (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Lp(a) falls as liver fibrosis worsens in fatty liver disease, but cardiovascular risk stays high regardless, 56,168-patient study finds (Liver Int 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) independently raises new-onset atrial fibrillation risk by 11%, 75,376-patient Mayo Clinic cohort finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Lp(a) above 125 nmol/L predicts ischaemic stroke in men but not women, and equally across age and ethnicity, UK Biobank analysis of 353,309 finds (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- High Lp(a) raises death, MI, and stroke risk by 33-50% after PCI, meta-analysis of 40,241 patients across 14 studies finds (Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2025)
- High Lp(a) raises coronary heart disease risk just as much in people with zero or one traditional risk factor as in those with two or more, 66,495-person European pooled cohort finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Top-percentile Lp(a) more than doubles cardiovascular event risk in both sexes without prior ASCVD, but confers no extra risk in women under 60, Mass General Brigham registry finds (J Am Heart Assoc 2025)
- Lp(a) in the top quintile nearly doubles stroke/TIA odds and doubles cerebral injury odds in 16,333 Hispanic and Latino adults, HCHS/SOL study finds (Stroke 2025)
- High Lp(a) patients with intracranial stenosis get the most benefit from remote ischemic conditioning, RICA trial analysis of 1,286 patients finds (Neurotherapeutics 2025)
- Mass General Brigham Lp(a) Registry finds diabetes plus elevated Lp(a) drives a nearly eightfold jump in annual cardiac event rate (Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024)
- In ARIC and MESA, healthier lifestyle and social determinants barely dent Lp(a)'s link to heart attack and stroke (JACC Adv 2024)
- Mass General Brigham registry finds high Lp(a) carries the same heart attack risk as having two traditional risk factors combined (J Am Heart Assoc 2024)
- Twenty-six-year NHANES III follow-up finds regular aspirin cuts ASCVD mortality by 52% specifically in adults with elevated Lp(a) (Am J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Pooling MESA, CARDIA, JHS, FHS and ARIC over 21 years, top-decile Lp(a) raises ASCVD risk 46% overall and 92% in people with diabetes (J Am Coll Cardiol 2024)
- In 16,419 Boston patients followed nearly 12 years, the Lp(a) threshold for elevated MACE risk differs between primary and secondary prevention (J Am Coll Cardiol 2024)
- Over 1 in 5 of 18,544 bypass surgery patients had high Lp(a), which raised death risk 31% and was blunted by arterial grafts (J Am Heart Assoc 2024)
- In 16,150 Chinese coronary disease patients, the lowest Lp(a) quintile, not the highest, had the most bleeding at 2 years (Thromb Haemost 2024)
- Lp(a) and family history of cardiovascular disease combine to raise heart failure risk by 42% in 299,158 UK Biobank adults (J Lipid Res 2023)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL raises cardiovascular mortality risk by 83% independent of LDL cholesterol, in 275,430 Korean adults (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023)
- Every 50 mg/dL rise in Lp(a) raises cardiovascular death risk by up to 31%, a dose-response meta-analysis of 957,253 people across 75 studies (Eur J Epidemiol 2023)
- High Lp(a) in youth (ages 9-24) doubles the risk of adult cardiovascular disease decades later, pooled data from the Young Finns Study and Bogalusa Heart Study (Circulation 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) triples stroke-recurrence risk in patients under 60, the BIOSIGNAL study of 1,733 acute stroke patients (Eur Heart J 2021)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises cardiac event risk by 78% in CAD patients, a meta-analysis of 17 studies and 283,328 patients (Lipids Health Dis 2019)
- Lp(a) predicts ischemic stroke risk nearly twice as strongly in Black versus White Americans, the REGARDS study of 30,239 adults (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019)
- Lp(a) link to carotid plaque is strongest in white participants and weaker in Black participants, the multi-ethnic MESA study of 5,155 adults (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019)
- Lp(a) raises heart failure risk in white participants only, not in Black, Hispanic or Chinese participants, the MESA study of 6,809 adults (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018)
- Elevated Lp(a) risk fades when LDL cholesterol is below 2.5 mmol/L, an EPIC-Norfolk and Copenhagen City Heart Study analysis (Eur Heart J 2018)
- Lp(a) predicts cardiovascular risk in women only when total cholesterol is high, an analysis of over 24,000 Women's Health Study participants plus WHI and JUPITER cohorts (J Am Coll Cardiol 2018)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL confers over 10-fold higher risk of heart attack, stroke or amputation in patients with existing artery disease, the FRENA registry of 1503 patients (Atherosclerosis 2018)
- Lp(a) predicts continued carotid plaque progression despite intensive LDL-lowering therapy, an AIM-HIGH trial imaging substudy of 152 patients (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018)
- Lp(a) in the top 25% raises abdominal aortic aneurysm risk by 57%, the ARIC study of 13,683 adults over 22 years (Atherosclerosis 2018)
- Lp(a) risk is highest in Southern Europe and in people with diabetes, the BiomarCaRE consortium study of 56,804 Europeans (Eur Heart J 2017)
- Lp(a) predicts heart disease risk in secondary prevention only when LDL cholesterol is elevated, a meta-analysis of 18,978 patients (J Am Coll Cardiol 2014)
- Lp(a) predicts peripheral artery disease and coronary disease but not stroke, the EPIC-Norfolk study of 18 720 adults (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012)
- Only extremely high Lp(a) above the 90th percentile raises cardiovascular risk in women, the Women's Health Study of 27,791 participants (JAMA 2006)
- Lp(a) above 30 mg/dL doubles coronary disease risk in women, tripling when combined with high fibrinogen or CRP, the Nurses' Health Study of 32,826 women (Eur Heart J 2005)
- Lp(a) raises heart disease risk especially in men with high LDL cholesterol, the PRIME Study of 9133 men (Atherosclerosis 2002)
- Lp(a) predicts heart disease risk in both sexes, with much stronger overall risk prediction in women, the ARIC study of 12,339 people (Circulation 2001)
- Lp(a) triples coronary risk in men with low HDL cholesterol, the PROCAM study of 788 men (J Am Coll Cardiol 2001)
- Lp(a) in the top third raises coronary heart disease risk by 60%, a meta-analysis of 27 prospective studies (Circulation 2000)
- MASLD blunts Lp(a) yet MASLD with elevated Lp(a) doubles cardiovascular risk, MESA cohort (Metabolism 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) and insulin resistance jointly double cardiovascular mortality risk in MASLD, UK Biobank analysis of 101,348 (Cardiovasc Diabetol 2026)
- MASLD lowers Lp(a) in men and postmenopausal women but not premenopausal women, SHIP and UK Biobank cohorts (Cardiovasc Diabetol 2026)
- Lp(a) of 30 mg/dL or more predicts CKD progression and cardiovascular death, nationwide Chinese cohort study (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Obstructive sleep apnea raises cardiovascular risk only in ACS patients with above-median Lp(a), OSA-ACS cohort of 1137 (Sleep 2026)
- Phenotypic clustering splits high-Lp(a) patients into distinct cardiovascular risk groups, cohort of 2,355 (Sci Rep 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises PAD prevalence (OR 1.81) and triples repeat revascularisation after limb procedures (J Vasc Surg 2026)
- Adding LAA morphology and Lp(a) to a thrombus-risk model beats CHA2DS2-VA in atrial fibrillation, cohort of 418 (Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2026)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL raises first MI risk mainly in women with type 2 diabetes, cohort of 2,967 (Diagnostics Basel 2026)
- Lp(a) mortality risk varies by race and ethnicity in NHANES III, 22.6-year mean follow-up (Am J Cardiol 2026)
- High Lp(a) tracks with advanced coronary calcium and carotid atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients, cohort of 3,697 (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2026)
- Lp(a) raises heart failure risk in a nonlinear, plateauing dose-response pattern, meta-analysis of 400,631 (Clin Cardiol 2026)
- Joint control of LDL-C, Lp(a) and CRP erases the excess cardiovascular risk of steatotic liver disease in a 291,995-person UK Biobank cohort (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises repeat revascularisation risk after PCI, meta-analysis of eighteen studies (Acta Cardiol 2026)
- Lp(a) tracks with coronary plaque burden but not long-term mortality in established ASCVD, combined cohort of 798 (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Lp(a) of 50 mg/dl or more raises recurrent MACE risk 82.6% in very young acute coronary syndrome survivors, STudy of eArly Myocardial INfArction registry (Coron Artery Dis 2026)
- Beyond CACS: Can Lp(a) and AI-CCTA Unmask "Invisible" Residual Cardiovascular Risk?
- Elevated Lp(a) marks a high-risk phenotype in advanced coronary calcification, IVUS study of 292 (Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev 2026)
- Lp(a) and insulin resistance jointly raise cardiovascular risk 32%, UK Biobank cohort of 328,031 (J Am Heart Assoc 2026)
- Lp(a) 50 mg/dL or more raises intracranial stenosis odds 4.5-fold in ischemic stroke, cohort of 397 (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts mortality only in high traditional cardiovascular risk, NHANES III cohort with follow-up to 2019 (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Lower Lp(a) tracks the onset and progression of fatty liver disease across three cohorts totalling over 36,000 people (Front Nutr 2026)
- High Lp(a) plus high homocysteine triples MACE risk after premature myocardial infarction in a 1,741-patient cohort, validating a '50-15' dual threshold (Front Nutr 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) improves 20-year ASCVD risk reclassification beyond HellenicSCOREII+, two Greek cohorts (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Cumulative Lp(a) burden, not just a single measurement, tracks with worse outcomes in 2,634 heart attack patients (Lipids Health Dis 2025)
- Both very low and very high Lp(a) raise stroke recurrence risk in 3,311 diabetic stroke patients, U-shaped pattern from China's national registry finds (Diabetol Metab Syndr 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) brought more cardiovascular events over 5 years and real psychosocial distress in Germany's ELITE cohort study (Lipids Health Dis 2025)
- Coronary calcium score adds prognostic value over Lp(a) in men but not women, MESA analysis of 4,651 participants finds (Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2025)
- High Lp(a) drives greater fibrotic coronary plaque volume in men but not women on CT angiography, COPRODUCTION registry of 1,946 patients finds (Clin Res Cardiol 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) predicts secondary events after first-time ACS, with levels highest in Indian and lowest in Māori patients, New Zealand's multi-ethnic MENZACS study finds (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Low-dose aspirin cuts heart attack risk 38% and kidney failure risk 28% in CKD patients with Lp(a) of 50 mg/dL or above, but not below it, CRIC cohort finds (JACC Adv 2025)
- Combined hormone therapy lowers Lp(a) by 5.1 mg/dL in postmenopausal women, meta-analysis of 27 trials finds (Diabetol Metab Syndr 2025)
- German men have more than double the Lp(a) of German women, and 1 in 5 adults from a pre-statin-era population exceeded 50 mg/dL, national survey finds (JACC Adv 2025)
- An optimal Life's Simple 7 score cuts ASCVD risk regardless of Lp(a) level, MESA cohort of 6,676 finds, but elevated Lp(a) still carries higher absolute risk at every lifestyle score (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Lp(a)'s link to MACE is significantly stronger in atherosclerotic patients with type 2 diabetes than without, 25,826-patient Korean cohort finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) does not predict new or progressing coronary calcium, large 41,929-person Korean cohort finds, challenging a common risk-marker assumption (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- One in four South Asians has Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL, helping explain heart attacks nearly a decade earlier than in Europeans, review argues (J Am Heart Assoc 2025)
- Adding Lp(a) boosts prediction of MACE and limb loss after lower-limb revascularisation in diabetic CLTI patients, pushing model AUC as high as 0.98 (Cardiovasc Diabetol 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) predicts obstructive coronary disease only in asymptomatic people with diabetes, not without, 7,201-person CCTA study finds (Sci Rep 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) is significantly higher in diabetic retinopathy, and higher still in its proliferative form, meta-analysis of 7,007 subjects finds (Medicina (Kaunas) 2025)
- Phenotypic clustering splits high-Lp(a) patients into four ASCVD-risk subgroups, RED-CARPET study of 11,629 (Clin Res Cardiol 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) tracks with vulnerable intracranial plaque features on high-resolution MRI and a 2.65-fold higher stroke recurrence risk (Eur Radiol 2025)
- Adding Lp(a) to standard risk models improves coronary disease reclassification by up to 42% in patients without modifiable risk factors, BioHEART-CT study of 1,718 finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- High Lp(a) predicts carotid atherosclerosis but not all-cause mortality over nearly three decades of follow-up, Toulouse cohort of 11,990 finds (Am J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts heart failure in White but not Black participants, pooled 16,771-person ARIC/MESA/FOS analysis finds, largely via prior heart attack (J Am Heart Assoc 2025)
- Lp(a) does not predict limb events after CLTI revascularisation, but predicts all-cause death once kidney function is accounted for, BEST-CLI substudy finds (J Am Heart Assoc 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) nearly triples the odds of significant white matter damage in young stroke patients, 217-patient study finds an AUC of 0.81 (J Neurol 2025)
- Lp(a) above 15 mg/dL raises 1-year MACE risk 68% after stroke or TIA, specifically in atherothrombotic subtype, Japanese cohort of 533 finds (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) predicts worse long-term outcomes after heart attack, especially in women and patients with diabetes or hypertension, meta-analysis of 30,027 patients finds (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises stroke recurrence odds by 69% and poor functional outcome odds by over 2-fold, meta-analysis of 17,903 patients finds (J Stroke 2025)
- One in four Russians has Lp(a) above 30 mg/dL, and levels run higher in women, 73,763-patient national cohort finds (Kardiologiia 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) more than doubles arterial stroke risk in children and youth, meta-analysis of 9,923 young patients finds (J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2025)
- Lp(a) 30 mg/dL or more predicts cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, cohort of 1,088 (J Card Fail 2026)
- High Lp(a) raises diabetic nephropathy risk 64% in type 2 diabetes, meta-analysis of 15 studies finds (Horm Metab Res 2025)
- Diabetes and elevated Lp(a) interact multiplicatively, giving patients with both a 2.57-fold coronary heart disease risk, MESA study of 6,668 finds (Atherosclerosis 2025)
- High Lp(a) is linked to diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Asian but not European studies, meta-analysis of 18,022 type 2 diabetes patients finds (Diabetol Metab Syndr 2025)
- Meta-analysis of 20,271 patients finds Lp(a) above 30 mg/dL more than quadruples ASCVD risk in diabetics (Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts higher baseline plaque burden and faster low-attenuation plaque growth in 1,694 diabetic patients on serial CT angiography (Eur Radiol 2025)
- Persistently high Lp(a) from admission to one year raises MACCE risk 87% after heart attack, 1,131-patient trajectory study finds (Ann Med 2025)
- Adding Lp(a) to an EHR-based ASCVD risk score reclassifies 21.3% of borderline-risk patients (Circ Genom Precis Med 2025)
- A random survival forest model beats traditional risk scores at predicting cardiovascular events in 4,369 patients with measured Lp(a) (Circ Genom Precis Med 2025)
- Lp(a) shows a U-shaped, not linear, relationship with MACE in 1,504 three-vessel disease ACS patients (Sci Rep 2025)
- Very high Lp(a) carries 67% higher odds of coronary stenosis in patients newly presenting with stable chest pain, Danish Dan-NICAD cohort of 4,346 finds (Am Heart J 2025)
- In MESA, elevated Lp(a) only raises ASCVD risk when waist-to-hip ratio is also high (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2025)
- Every 45 mg/L rise in Lp(a) tracks a linear 5% increase in cardiovascular mortality among 578 acute coronary syndrome patients (Front Endocrinol 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) tertile independently predicts MACE in 399 patients with heart attack complicated by preserved-ejection-fraction heart failure (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Moli-sani cohort study finds Lp(a) above 90 mg/dL raises secondary cardiovascular event risk more than threefold, peaking in the first 18 months (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Lp(a) at or above 180 mg/dL nearly triples MACE risk even after LDL-C targets are met in diabetic ACS patients post-PCI (Sci Prog 2025)
- STAR-Lp(a) study of 2,594 patients finds Lp(a)-driven atherosclerosis risk is largely mitigated by managing obesity, diabetes and inflammation (Arch Med Sci 2025)
- Each Lp(a) tertile increase brings a premature heart attack 0.83 years earlier and adds 8 points to Gensini score, RELACS study of 774 ACS patients finds (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2025)
- Elevated apoB is needed for high Lp(a) to raise ASCVD risk in the ARIC study (Am Heart J 2025)
- Lp(a)HERITAGE US subanalysis finds only 14% of 7,679 ASCVD patients had ever been tested, despite median Lp(a) 2.5-fold higher in Black participants (J Clin Lipidol 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) independently predicts long-term in-stent restenosis in 1,209 Mayo Clinic PCI patients over nearly 9 years (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Lp(a) predicts cardiovascular events specifically in very-high-risk ASCVD patients, not lower-risk ones, in 9,944 Chinese patients (MedComm 2024)
- High Lp(a) roughly halves the wound-healing rate after endovascular therapy for critical limb ischaemia, 280-patient study finds (Circ J 2025)
- Meta-analysis of fourteen studies confirms elevated Lp(a) raises MACE, mortality, MI and revascularisation risk in ischaemic heart disease (Cureus 2024)
- Meta-analysis of 11,958 stroke patients finds high Lp(a) more than doubles the odds of poor functional recovery, strongest soon after stroke (Eur J Neurol 2024)
- PROMISE trial analysis of 1,815 patients finds elevated Lp(a) predicts obstructive coronary disease regardless of LDL-C control, but not high-risk plaque (Am J Cardiol 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts both coronary disease severity and 7-year MACE risk in 4,332 patients with type 2 diabetes (Heliyon 2024)
- Highest Lp(a) quartile carries 19% higher MACE risk and 57% higher mortality in 8,382 Chinese hospitalised cardiovascular patients (Eur J Med Res 2024)
- Meta-analysis of 227,178 subjects finds the highest Lp(a) concentrations carry 37% lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes (Horm Metab Res 2024)
- LipidCardio study of 975 angiography patients finds Lp(a) above 150 nmol/L doubles chronic total occlusion rates and lifts Gensini scores (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024)
- Meta-analysis of 45,059 PCI patients confirms elevated Lp(a) raises MACE risk by 38% and cardiovascular death by 58% (Cureus 2024)
- Meta-analysis of 100,540 participants finds elevated Lp(a) more than doubles premature ASCVD risk, strongest in South Asians (Eur Heart J Open 2024)
- Patients with high Lp(a) but low LDL-C carry over 9 times the ASCVD risk of those with the opposite lipid profile, 8,510-patient study finds (Angiology 2025)
- First demonstration that combining Lp(a) with fibrinogen nearly quintuples stroke risk in 8,263 coronary disease patients (Eur J Clin Invest 2024)
- Lipoprotein(a) interacts with albuminuria, not eGFR, to raise chronic kidney disease risk in 329,415 UK Biobank participants (JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024)
- Combining Lp(a) and fibrinogen improves all-cause mortality prediction in 43,367 coronary artery disease patients (Technol Health Care 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) independently predicts major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality after acute coronary syndrome, a meta-analysis of 18,168 patients (Front Cardiovasc Med 2024)
- UK Biobank study of 32,537 patients finds elevated Lp(a) raises subsequent MACE risk most sharply in the first year after an ASCVD diagnosis (Atherosclerosis 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) triples recurrent cardiovascular event risk in coronary patients with prediabetes or diabetes, across 5,257 patients (J Endocrinol Invest 2024)
- Adding Lp(a) to the Pooled Cohort Equations meaningfully improves 10-year ASCVD risk reclassification, especially in low-risk individuals, in 6,639 MESA participants (Atherosclerosis 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) (>=200 nmol/L) raises cardiovascular event risk by 33% in a cohort mirroring the OCEAN(a)-Outcomes trial population, 3,142 patients (Eur Heart J Open 2023)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL raises carotid plaque risk by 30% in a Chinese population distribution study of 411,634 adults (Atherosclerosis 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) (>30 mg/dL) raises long-term MACE risk by 31% after PCI for in-stent restenosis, in 2,086 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- Unlike LDL-C, Lp(a) is not associated with baseline coronary artery calcium and only modestly predicts its progression, in 5,597 MESA participants (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- Lp(a) independently predicts diabetic nephropathy with extreme statistical certainty in 6,993 type 2 diabetes patients (Front Endocrinol 2023)
- Every 10 mg/dL rise in Lp(a) raises peripheral artery disease risk by 6%, a dose-response meta-analysis of 565,209 people across 68 studies (Eur J Med Res 2022)
- Elevated Lp(a) (>=50 mg/dL) raises coronary heart disease risk regardless of LDL-C level, in 4,585 MESA participants (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Menopause raises Lp(a) by 3.77 mg/dL, though ageing itself cannot be ruled out as the driver, a meta-analysis spanning 12,960 women (Maturitas 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises limb amputation risk more than 20-fold in peripheral artery disease, a systematic review of 493,650 subjects across 15 studies (Vasc Med 2022)
- Elevated Lp(a) plus a coronary calcium score of 100+ carries a 4.7-fold higher cardiovascular risk than either alone, in MESA and Dallas Heart Study participants (J Am Coll Cardiol 2022)
- Very high Lp(a) (>100 mg/dL) predicts multivessel coronary disease and a stepwise rise in in-hospital mortality after heart attack, the French RICO survey of 1,213 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2022)
- Lp(a) predicts coronary disease and its severity across ethnicities, highest in Asian Indians, in a multi-ethnic study of 2,025 Southeast Asian patients (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Lp(a) in the top quartile raises subclinical coronary plaque odds by up to 67%, in 7,201 asymptomatic individuals undergoing CT angiography (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises ischaemic stroke risk and specifically large-artery atherosclerosis stroke, a meta-analysis of 40,012 people across 41 studies (Sci Rep 2021)
- High Lp(a) independently raises cardiovascular mortality risk in 1492 peritoneal dialysis patients (J Clin Lipidol 2020)
- 1 in 7 Americans has Lp(a) above the risk threshold, and Lp(a) predicts heart attack but not stroke in a nationally representative cohort of 8214 (J Clin Lipidol 2020)
- Lp(a) in the highest tertile raises stroke risk by 34% in a prospective cohort of 8500 Chinese adults (Atherosclerosis 2019)
- Lp(a) does not predict future venous thromboembolism risk, a Finnish cohort of 2180 men pooled with 66,583 participants across 5 studies (Scand Cardiovasc J 2019)
- Lp(a) predicts additional cardiovascular risk in people with diabetes or prediabetes, the ARIC study of 9,871 adults (Atherosclerosis 2019)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts higher coronary calcium scores in healthy relatives of patients with premature heart disease, a study of 937 family members (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Elevated Lp(a) triples acute coronary syndrome risk in adults under 45, but the link fades after 60, a case-control study of 1457 ACS patients (Atherosclerosis 2018)
- Lp(a) predicts heart failure hospitalization, but the link disappears once prior heart attacks are excluded, the ARIC study of 14,154 adults (Atherosclerosis 2017)
- Lp(a) is linked to a 56% higher risk of venous thromboembolism, though the effect is small, a meta-analysis of 14 studies and over 14,000 patients (Semin Thromb Hemost 2017)
- Low Lp(a) below 7 mg/dL, not high Lp(a), raises type-2 diabetes risk, the Bruneck study combined with a meta-analysis of 74,575 people (Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017)
- Lp(a), not apo(a) size, independently predicts unexplained stroke in young white adults, a case-control study of 255 stroke patients (Atherosclerosis 2016)
- Lp(a) predicts diabetic retinopathy, with a five-fold higher risk when combined with poor glucose control, a prospective cohort of 787 patients with type 2 diabetes (J Clin Lipidol 2016)
- Lp(a) raises ischemic stroke risk by about a third, especially in younger patients, a meta-analysis of 20 studies and 90,904 subjects (Atherosclerosis 2015)
- Higher Lp(a) is linked to lower diabetes risk in a Chinese cohort of 10,122 adults (J Lipid Res 2015)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts stent restenosis, especially in Asian patients, a meta-analysis of 9 studies and 1834 patients (Atherosclerosis 2013)
- High Lp(a) independently predicts polyvascular disease in patients undergoing bypass surgery, a Korean study of 470 patients (Atherosclerosis 2011)
- The highest Lp(a) quartile raises the risk of combined intracranial and extracranial artery narrowing five-fold in stroke patients, a Korean study of 1012 patients (Atherosclerosis 2010)
- Lp(a) predicts intermittent claudication more strongly in women than men, the Edinburgh Artery Study of 1592 adults (Atherosclerosis 2001)
- Elevated Lp(a) unexpectedly raises coronary risk in older women just as strongly as in younger men, a cohort of 918 CAD and 829 non-CAD patients (Atherosclerosis 2000)
- Lp(a) and homocysteine together raise coronary risk nearly 5-fold in women, but not men, a study of 750 men and 403 women (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000)
- Lp(a) predicts ASCVD, coronary disease and prior MI but not stroke, 23,654-person Polish real-world cohort (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Lp(a) is roughly twice as prevalent in coronary heart disease patients as in the Czech general population, 2001-subject study (Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises cardiovascular death risk 51% after successful CTO-PCI, 1509-patient cohort (J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2026)
- Lp(a) tracks non-calcified plaque in men but calcified plaque in women, 7201-person asymptomatic CCTA cohort (J Cardiol 2026)
- Preoperative Lp(a) of 30 mg/dL or more doubles 1-year stroke risk after intracranial stenting, 405-patient registry (Neurologist 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) is not linked to dementia risk in a 151,117-patient propensity-matched real-world cohort (Eur J Intern Med 2026)
- Lp(a) of 75 nmol/L or more predicts worse neurological outcome after ischemic stroke, Spanish cohort of 300 (Clin Investig Arterioscler 2026)
- Higher Lp(a) grade tracks with CAD, PAD, retinopathy and CKD but not stroke in Japanese type 2 diabetes, cohort of 1,465 (J Atheroscler Thromb 2026)
- Lp(a) above 31.2 mg/dL raises poor 3-month stroke outcome risk 79%, cohort of 175 (Brain Behav 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts higher 6-month MACE risk after myocardial infarction, Bosnian cohort of 150 (Med Sci Basel 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises cardiovascular risk mainly when homocysteine is also high, coronary disease cohort of 530 (BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2026)
- Lp(a) lowers type 2 diabetes risk only in severe prediabetes, UK Biobank analysis (Diabetes Metab Syndr 2026)
- High Lp(a) raises AMI risk most in older women, case-control study of 2,946 patients (J Int Med Res 2026)
- Lp(a) tracks coronary stenosis severity and Gensini score, Chinese angiography cohort of 778 (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2026)
- High Lp(a) predicts worse outcomes but poor discrimination after drug-eluting stent PCI, meta-analysis of 27,618 (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Lp(a) is higher in Japanese coronary disease patients than controls, comparative study of 3,710 (Circ Rep 2026)
- Preoperative Lp(a) of 30 mg/dL or more independently predicts peri-procedural stroke after intracranial stenting (Neurol Res 2026)
- High Lp(a) predicts worse long-term outcomes after STEMI in Japanese patients, 868-patient cohort (Circ J 2026)
- Lp(a) does not track with carotid thickness or stenosis despite its stroke-risk link, BIOSIGNAL cohort of 1,161 (Lipids Health Dis 2026)
- Lp(a) contributes 15% of circulating apoB in Asian healthcare workers with very high Lp(a), cohort of 1,927 (Lipids Health Dis 2026)
- Lp(a) predicts recurrent ACS despite negative fractional flow reserve testing, Chinese cohort of 513 (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises MACE risk up to 4.3-fold after PCI, systematic review of 23,421 patients (Cureus 2026)
- Lp(a) and an LDL subfraction synergistically predict MACE after ACS, cohort of 2,061 (Angiology 2026)
- Lp(a) doubles peripheral arterial disease risk in type 2 diabetes, cohort of 590 (Br J Hosp Med Lond 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) links to multivessel disease and high coronary calcium across two Spanish prevention cohorts of 1,043 (Am J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Cumulative LDL-C and Lp(a) predict coronary disease in statin-naive elderly, Turkish cohort of 202 (Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2026)
- Higher Lp(a) predicts contrast-induced nephropathy risk in 928 diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography (Front Cardiovasc Med 2026)
- Low early-pregnancy Lp(a) independently predicts gestational diabetes in a 14,527-woman cohort (Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2026)
- A Kazakhstani angiographic cohort finds obstructive coronary disease risk rising at Lp(a) of just 37 nmol/L, well below Western thresholds (Front Med (Lausanne) 2026)
- High Lp(a) more than doubles the risk of death and progression in 364 pancreatic cancer patients (BMC Gastroenterol 2025)
- Lp(a) rises after 50 in women and 60 in men, Polish reference study of 1,046 adults and 276 children (Biochem Med Zagreb 2026)
- Combining Lp(a) with the Suita score improves high-risk plaque prediction in Japanese patients, cohort of 272 (J Atheroscler Thromb 2026)
- LDL-C in the normal range cannot rule out very high Lp(a), Danish cohort of 1,346 (Lipids 2026)
- Over 30% of screened Portuguese children have intermediate or high Lp(a), real-world pediatric study finds (Clin Exp Pediatr 2025)
- Lp(a) of 30 mg/dL or above more than quadruples multivessel disease risk in young NSTEMI, but not STEMI, patients (Biomedicines 2025)
- Smoking is inversely linked to Lp(a) in a Korean cohort of 146,129 (J Lipid Atheroscler 2026)
- Lp(a) tracks with subclinical coronary disease in low-risk ageing endurance athletes, but does not explain their higher CAD prevalence, Master@Heart study finds (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025)
- A systematic review of Lp(a) in Japanese cardiovascular disease patients confirms the elevated-risk association despite study heterogeneity (JACC Asia 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) and lower ApoA1 mark stroke patients whose ischaemic penumbra is preserved beyond the standard treatment window, case-control and Mendelian randomization study finds (Curr Med Chem 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) percentile predicts rising risk of atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulsed field ablation, 133-patient Ferrara study finds (J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2025)
- Lp(a) only weakly tracks with coronary calcium, and mainly in men over 65, STAR-Lp(a) study of 528 primary prevention patients finds (J Clin Med 2025)
- Lower BMI combined with lower Lp(a) tracks with the least atrial fibrillation, and Mendelian randomization shows the two act independently (Pol Arch Intern Med 2025)
- Living with HIV is not independently linked to elevated Lp(a), Copenhagen study of 789 people with HIV and 3,156 controls finds (AIDS 2026)
- About 1 in 5 children with new-onset diabetes has abnormal Lp(a), and levels can fluctuate within months, challenging the 'measure once' assumption (J Endocr Soc 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) links to both coronary calcification and low bone density in 310 statin-naive older adults, suggesting a shared vascular-skeletal risk marker (Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2025)
- Nearly 20% of tested Kazakhstani patients have elevated Lp(a), but the marker discriminates atherosclerosis poorly on its own, 3,727-patient study finds (J Clin Med 2025)
- A systematic review of 20,896 ACS-PCI patients across five countries confirms Lp(a) as a consistent predictor of recurrent ischaemic events (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a)'s apparent link to worse 1-year outcomes in peripheral artery disease disappears after propensity matching, 1.79-million-patient TriNetX analysis finds (Am J Cardiol 2026)
- A lifespan review traces Lp(a)'s clinical relevance from early vascular dysfunction markers in children to MI, stroke and valve disease in adults (J Clin Med 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) independently predicts cognitive impairment after ischaemic stroke, 790-patient Chinese study finds (Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2025)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL independently flags complex coronary disease with 75% specificity in a 688-patient North Indian ACS cohort (Cureus 2025)
- Serum Lp(a) rises with disease severity and correlates with bile acid levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, 156-patient study finds (J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2025)
- First-trimester Lp(a) elevation raises preeclampsia risk more than fourfold, 150-woman prospective cohort finds (J Clin Med 2025)
- Lp(a) of 50 mg/dL or above predicts MACE but not cardiovascular death after rotational atherectomy, unless it exceeds 68.3 mg/dL, 494-patient study finds (Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2025)
- Lp(a) of 30 mg/dL or above predicts faster growth of untreated ('non-culprit') plaques after ACS, OCT-based study of 177 patients finds (Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2025)
- East Asians have lower Lp(a) on average, but even modest elevations still raise ASCVD risk, comprehensive review of Asian populations finds (J Lipid Atheroscler 2025)
- Lp(a) is firmly linked to large-artery atherosclerotic stroke, but its role in other stroke subtypes stays inconsistent, review of pathways and emerging therapies finds (J Clin Med 2025)
- Lp(a) of 30 mg/dL or above raises coronary heart disease risk but not stroke risk in Japan's Suita Study of 5,138 adults (J Atheroscler Thromb 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts periprocedural stroke and later ACS after carotid endarterectomy but not restenosis, systematic review of 1,450 patients finds (J Clin Med 2025)
- Highest-tertile Lp(a) independently predicts both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in 200 Chinese hemodialysis patients (Int Urol Nephrol 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) linearly tracks with lower fatty liver disease risk, NHANES III analysis of 2,308 people confirms (Sci Rep 2025)
- Adding Lp(a) to standard risk factors raises coronary calcium prediction accuracy from 0.741 to 0.755 in elderly diabetics, 486-patient study finds (Rev Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) compounds subclinical atherosclerosis risk specifically in diabetic chest-pain patients in China (Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2025)
- Lp(a) and fibrinogen act synergistically on carotid plaque in 3,913 Chinese coronary artery disease patients (Eur J Med Res 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) cuts 24-month event-free survival after PCI from 91.76% to 74.13% in 360 patients (Cureus 2025)
- Unbiased clustering of 661 Portuguese adults reveals a distinct high-Lp(a) profile: older, male, hypertensive and diabetic (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Even mildly elevated Lp(a) doubles coronary heart disease risk in 591 patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes (Front Endocrinol 2025)
- Lp(a) above the 90th percentile predicts recurrent ischaemic stroke in 2,029 patients with type 2 diabetes but not in those without it (Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2025)
- Lp(a) at or above 50 mg/dL tracks with younger heart attacks and more diseased coronary vessels in 189 early-onset MI patients (Arch Cardiol Mex 2025)
- First large-scale Brazilian data: median Lp(a) is 13.90 mg/dL in women versus 11.58 mg/dL in men across 115,197 subjects (PLoS One 2025)
- In 2,247 Chinese T2DM patients, the combination of low adipose insulin resistance and high Lp(a) carries the lowest MASLD risk (Endokrynol Pol 2025)
- Lp(a) at or above 70 nmol/L on admission nearly doubles two-year mortality in 520 hospitalised ischaemic heart disease patients (Front Endocrinol 2025)
- Lp(a) above 40 nmol/L predicts ASCVD and coronary disease in 2,341 Thai patients (Vasc Health Risk Manag 2025)
- Meta-analysis of forty-one studies finds Lp(a) nearly 12 mg/dL higher in pre-eclampsia, but not in gestational diabetes (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2025)
- Elevated Lp(a) independently predicts lipid-rich, vulnerable coronary plaque on OCT in 202 ACS patients (Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2025)
- Lp(a) above 90 mg/dL predicts recurrent heart attack almost fourfold in women over 65, but shows no overall mortality link (Diagnostics 2025)
- Combining Lp-PLA2 with Lp(a) outperforms either marker alone for predicting stroke recurrence in 580 ischaemic stroke patients (J Clin Lab Anal 2024)
- Meta-analysis of 11 studies links high Lp(a) to a doubled risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes (Int Ophthalmol 2024)
- Lp(a) and hs-CRP rise with age specifically in Chinese T2DM patients who also have coronary disease, across 900 participants (Heliyon 2024)
- Meta-analysis of 74,691 individuals finds Lp(a) similar between NAFLD patients and controls overall, but lower in NAFLD when measured by nephelometry (J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024)
- STAR-Lp(a) study finds 21.5% of 2,475 outpatient cardiology patients had elevated Lp(a), more often women and those with atrial fibrillation (Pol Arch Intern Med 2024)
- Lp(a) at or above 30 mg/dL predicts multivessel coronary disease in 256 young acute myocardial infarction patients (Biomedicines 2024)
- Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL raises incident hypertension risk in normotensive adults over 50, but not younger ones, in 5,307 patients (J Clin Hypertens 2024)
- In 195 children already followed for cardiovascular risk factors, 17% had elevated Lp(a) despite normal LDL cholesterol (Ital J Pediatr 2024)
- Lp(a) at or above 30 mg/dL predicts coronary disease in women but not men, while 50 mg/dL works for both, in 1,858 Turkish patients (Clin Cardiol 2024)
- Meta-analysis of 1,345 patients finds young stroke patients are 61% more likely to have elevated Lp(a) than age-matched controls (J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024)
- Lp(a) at or above 30 mg/L independently predicts ASCVD in 265 Beijing haemodialysis patients, alongside age, low albumin and diabetes (BMC Nephrol 2024)
- Adding Lp(a) and three other markers to the GRACE score lifts in-hospital MACE prediction AUC from 0.81 to 0.86 in 647 heart attack patients (Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) nearly doubles ischaemic event recurrence after cerebral vascular stenting in 553 patients (J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024)
- Cardiac CT in 207 diabetic patients links elevated Lp(a) to high-risk plaque but not to perfusion or fibrosis (Eur Radiol 2025)
- In a Korean longitudinal study, higher Lp(a) tertiles were associated with lower, not higher, incidence of fatty liver disease (Medicine (Baltimore) 2024)
- Nearly 19% of a Korean general-population cohort showed coronary calcium progression, and higher Lp(a) tertiles tracked with it, 2,750-person study finds (Korean J Fam Med 2025)
- Swiss CoRisk cohort externally validates Lp(a) as a marker of large artery atherosclerosis stroke, but only in patients without diabetes (Swiss Med Wkly 2024)
- German LIFE Child cohort finds Lp(a) is unrelated to BMI, age or sex in 512 children, and stays stable in 94% on repeat testing (Pediatr Res 2024)
- Lipoprotein(a) is positively associated with moyamoya disease in a 1012-patient case-control study (Lipids Health Dis 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) more than doubles ASCVD risk in an underserved, non-metropolitan German region, the WalkByLab Brandenburg study of 850 patients (Front Cardiovasc Med 2024)
- Dietary fat intake does not modify the link between Lp(a) and cardiovascular death in 22,805 US adults from ARIC and NHANES (JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2024)
- High Lp(a) (>30 mg/dL) raises ischaemic stroke risk in atrial fibrillation patients across four adjustment models, in 2,258 propensity-matched patients (Int J Gen Med 2024)
- Lp(a) above 117 nmol/L more than doubles ischaemic stroke risk, driven by the large-artery atherosclerosis subtype, in a case-control study of 231 stroke patients (Neurol Neurochir Pol 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) (>=30 mg/dL) more than quadruples risk of adverse cardiac events after PCI in 600 coronary artery disease patients (Indian Heart J 2024)
- Lp(a) rises with carotid atherosclerosis severity in 2,018 acute ischaemic stroke patients (Front Neurol 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts major adverse cardiovascular events after PCI in 1,168 patients with ischaemic heart failure, especially those with obesity (Front Cardiovasc Med 2024)
- 27% of 2,001 high-risk Polish patients have elevated Lp(a), the Zabrze-Lipoprotein(a) Registry first results (Arch Med Sci 2024)
- Lp(a) distribution varies by ethnicity and sex in 521 hospitalised Singaporean patients with ischaemic heart disease (Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2024)
- Review reports elevated Lp(a) affects 25% of Indians versus 1 in 5 worldwide, and correlated with severe disease in 1,021 Indian CAD patients (Indian Heart J 2024)
- Systematic review of 40,045 patients finds the Lp(a)-fatty liver relationship remains genuinely contradictory across studies (Indian J Gastroenterol 2024)
- Lp(a) does not predict carotid intima-media thickness over 20 years in 88 children without familial hypercholesterolaemia (J Clin Lipidol 2024)
- The HellenicSCORE II+ improves 10-year cardiovascular risk classification by 4% when stratified by Lp(a), calibrated on the ATTICA cohort (Hellenic J Cardiol 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts long-term recurrent myocardial infarction but not mortality in 1,223 AMI survivors followed a median 9.9 years (Am J Cardiol 2024)
- Sixty years after its discovery, Lp(a) still lacks a standardised assay, an approved lowering drug, or unified paediatric guidance, a review (Cells 2023)
- A healthy lifestyle lowers coronary artery disease risk regardless of Lp(a) level, though risk is highest with unfavourable habits and high Lp(a), in 4,512 Japanese patients (Eur J Clin Invest 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) shows a consistent positive association with heart failure across 73,410 patients in 8 studies, a systematic review (Heart Fail Rev 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises coronary artery calcification risk by 58% in asymptomatic adults, a meta-analysis of 12 studies (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023)
- A meta-analysis of 9 studies finds no overall association between Lp(a) and atrial fibrillation risk, clarifying conflicting prior evidence (Clin Cardiol 2023)
- Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have higher Lp(a) than controls regardless of weight, a meta-analysis of 2,337 patients across 23 studies (High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts cardiovascular events and death in chronic kidney disease patients, a systematic review of 12,260 individuals across 15 prospective studies (J Nephrol 2023)
- Lp(a) levels are significantly higher in patients with premature coronary artery disease, a meta-analysis of 11 case-control studies (Coron Artery Dis 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) triples myocardial infarction risk in young patients, a systematic review of 9 studies screened from 334 (Int J Mol Sci 2023)
- In Chinese populations, elevated Lp(a) is linked to post-PCI thrombosis, aortic stenosis, stroke and diabetes, a review of a distinctive risk profile (Int J Biol Macromol 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) most robustly predicts coronary events in postmenopausal women, though results are mixed for other outcomes, a systematic review of 157,690 women (Curr Probl Cardiol 2023)
- Higher Lp(a) predicts a 61% lower risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes in patients with familial combined hyperlipidaemia, a 9-year follow-up of 474 patients (J Clin Lipidol 2023)
- High Lp(a) brings cardiovascular events about 7 years earlier than high LDL alone in polygenic hypercholesterolaemia, with sex-specific patterns, in 548 patients (Front Cardiovasc Med 2023)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises cognitive impairment odds by 62% and stroke-related disability by 46% in secondary prevention ASCVD patients, a systematic review of 61 studies (PLoS One 2023)
- 13 of 17 studies link elevated Lp(a) to diabetic retinopathy risk in type 2 diabetes, a systematic review of 4,688 patients (Diab Vasc Dis Res 2023)
- Lp(a) tracks worsening kidney function and predicts advanced CKD stage in 224 patients with diabetic kidney disease (J Diabetes Complications 2023)
- No association found between Lp(a) and cardiovascular mortality in 1,222 patients with peripheral artery disease after revascularisation (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts worse cardiac outcomes after acute coronary syndrome, most strongly in patients with chronic kidney disease, in 1,306 patients (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm have significantly higher Lp(a) than controls, a meta-analysis of 5,078 subjects across 11 studies (Curr Pharm Des 2022)
- High Lp(a) predicts major limb events after leg artery surgery for peripheral artery disease, in 384 Dutch patients (Atherosclerosis 2022)
- Elevated Lp(a) more than doubles retinal vein occlusion risk, a meta-analysis of 17,688 people across 13 studies (TH Open 2021)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises hard coronary event risk by 71% in ACS patients aged 80 and older, a study of 536 elderly patients (J Clin Lipidol 2021)
- Higher Lp(a) raises diabetic nephropathy odds by 63% in type 2 diabetes, a meta-analysis of 9,304 patients across 11 studies (Front Endocrinol 2021)
- Lp(a) above 30 mg/dL raises cardiovascular death risk by 50% in AMI patients aged 80 and older, a prospective cohort of 1,008 patients (Atherosclerosis 2020)
- Elevated Lp(a) doubles risk of declining kidney function, especially in diabetic and hypertensive patients, a prospective study of 6,257 Chinese adults (J Lipid Res 2020)
- A systematic review of 19 studies finds a moderate but inconsistent Lp(a)-cardiovascular disease association across primary and secondary prevention (Curr Opin Cardiol 2019)
- Lp(a) is not linked to bone density or hip fracture risk in 9698 postmenopausal women, a Women's Health Initiative post hoc analysis (BMJ Open 2019)
- Lp(a) does not predict carotid plaque in statin-treated familial hypercholesterolaemia, a Dutch study of 191 patients (Atherosclerosis 2015)
- Lp(a) correlates with coronary disease severity only in men, not women, a study of 351 patients with established coronary atherosclerosis (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015)
- Lp(a) correlates with the Framingham risk score in a Brazilian cohort of 400 people, the Ouro Preto Study (Atherosclerosis 2007)
- Lp(a) does not predict ischemic stroke in young women, a case-control study of 110 cases and 216 controls (Atherosclerosis 2000)
- Lp(a) does not correlate with coronary calcium in asymptomatic postmenopausal women, a study of 178 women (J Am Coll Cardiol 2000)
- Combining Lp(a) and severe calcification predicts limb events after endovascular therapy for PAD, 145-patient study (Heart Vessels 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) raises cardiovascular event odds (OR 5.3) in people living with HIV, 186-patient cohort (Clin Med Lond 2026)
- Lp(a) predicts left ventricular dysfunction in chronic total occlusion patients, 309-patient cohort (BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2026)
- First-trimester Lp(a) predicts preeclampsia, 119-woman pilot cohort (Arch Gynecol Obstet 2026)
- Lp(a) does not predict long-term cardiometabolic risk in healthy women despite its lipid links, 387-woman cohort (Metabolites 2026)
- Lp(a) and peripheral artery disease independently stiffen arteries in hypertension, 366-patient cohort (J Clin Hypertens Greenwich 2026)
- GLP-1 receptor agonists and outcomes in obese or diabetic patients with Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL: a propensity-matched retrospective cohort (Int J Cardiol 2026)
- Lp(a) has no prognostic significance in coronary artery spasm without stenosis, 1,373-patient study (Heart Vessels 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) adds $253 million in indirect costs over 5 years in a US Markov simulation (Am J Prev Cardiol 2026)
- Lp(a) does not correlate with blood pressure in essential hypertension despite comorbidity differences, cohort of 230 (High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) does not predict organ damage or cardiovascular events in a low-risk primary prevention cohort of 747 (High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2026)
- Elevated Lp(a) tracks with peripheral artery disease in MASLD, cross-sectional study of 468 (BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2026)
- Adding Lp(a) to the EAS risk score improves CHD reclassification in type 2 diabetes, pilot study of 90 (J Assoc Physicians India 2026)
- Optimal Lp(a) cutoff for cardiovascular disease drops to 70 mg/L in diabetic patients, comparative analysis finds (Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2026)
- Lp(a) did not predict lipid-lowering therapy escalation in 431 patients, despite growing clinical interest, HELPE-R registry finds (Diseases 2025)
- Lp(a) predicts post-PCI cardiac events in coronary disease and diabetes, but evidence is inconsistent, review of four studies (Am J Med Sci 2026)
- Lp(a) rises with chronic kidney disease and independently predicts cardiovascular risk in CKD, review of emerging therapies (Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2026)
- A meta-analysis of 20,678 atrial fibrillation patients finds modestly higher Lp(a) in those with ischaemic stroke, but flags low-certainty evidence (J Clin Med 2025)
- A 10-study meta-analysis links higher Lp(a) to atrial fibrillation itself, but with very low certainty and extreme heterogeneity (J Clin Med 2025)
- One in five hospitalised Polish patients has high Lp(a), and male sex predicts lower odds of it, cross-sectional study finds (Cardiol J 2026)
- Higher Lp(a) is linked to worse five-year recurrence-free prognosis in 296 endometrial cancer patients (Clin Lab 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) predicts carotid plaque ulceration on angiography in patients considered for carotid revascularisation (J Atheroscler Thromb 2026)
- Despite ESC guidance, Lp(a) was measured in only a third of STEMI and 15% of NSTEMI patients, and showed no link to heart failure markers, Luebeck registry finds (Atheroscler Plus 2025)
- Lp(a) is not linked to diastolic dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction, but statin therapy is protective, 1,492-patient Mayo Clinic study finds (High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) tracks with more severe coronary disease by SYNTAX score in a 51-patient South Asian angiography cohort (Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2025)
- First real-world Portuguese cohort finds 28.7% have elevated Lp(a), rising to 55.7% among those SCORE2 rates low-to-moderate risk (Lipids Health Dis 2025)
- Adding Lp(a) and an inflammation index to the TIMI score sharpens MACE prediction after STEMI in 290 patients (Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2025)
- Low preoperative Lp(a) independently predicts fatty liver after pancreatectomy (Anticancer Res 2025)
- Reduced thyroid hormone sensitivity tracks with higher Lp(a) in 1,097 euthyroid patients with type 2 diabetes (Front Endocrinol 2025)
- Lp(a) at or above 30 mg/dL predicts severe coronary stenosis with 72.5% prevalence versus 8.0% in a Vietnamese cohort (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Combining monocyte-to-HDL ratio with Lp(a) lifts in-stent restenosis prediction to an AUC of 0.860 in 190 stented patients (Front Cardiovasc Med 2025)
- Lp(a) above 166.16 nmol/L flags severe coronary anatomy (SYNTAX score 23+) with 97% sensitivity in 173 heart attack patients (J Clin Med 2024)
- Lp(a) at or above 30 mg/dL triples myocardial infarction risk in a 106-patient case-control study (Medicina (Kaunas) 2024)
- In 1,193 Turkish ASCVD patients, women were eight times more likely than men to have Lp(a) above 90 mg/dL (Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2024)
- Hegele case series: 16 elderly patients with Lp(a) above 230 nmol/L recorded zero incident cardiovascular events over 8 years (J Int Med Res 2024)
- Amsterdam UMC case-control study finds Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL is nearly seven times more common in children with ischaemic stroke (Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024)
- Elevated preoperative Lp(a) triples the risk of shorter survival after biliary tract cancer surgery in 78 patients (Cancer Med 2024)
- Review examines Lp(a)'s paradox in diabetes: high levels compound cardiovascular risk, but low levels may themselves predict diabetes (Curr Diab Rep 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) predicts left atrial thrombus or spontaneous echo contrast in 481 atrial fibrillation patients with low CHA2DS2-VASc scores (Lipids Health Dis 2024)
- Saudi Arabia first Lp(a) reference intervals, median 50 nmol/L in 361 individuals, unaffected by age or sex (Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024)
- 27.8% of 511 Polish cardiology and endocrinology patients have Lp(a) above 30 mg/dL, first results from the PMMHRI-Lp(a) Registry (Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2024)
- Serum Lp(a) >=300 mg/L predicts early neurological deterioration after thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke in 236 patients (Int J Gen Med 2024)
- A pilot study proposes a lower Lp(a) cut-off of 21.1 mg/dL for atherosclerotic risk in Kazakhstan, below the internationally recommended thresholds (Front Cardiovasc Med 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) (>=30 mg/dL) is associated with higher sarcopenia risk in 426 patients with type 2 diabetes, regardless of sex (Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024)
- High Lp(a) is associated with greater cerebral white matter hyperintensity burden in 153 stroke and TIA patients (Front Neurol 2024)
- High Lp(a) raises diabetic vascular complication risk while low Lp(a) predicts new-onset type 2 diabetes, a paradox reviewed (Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024)
- Patients with elevated Lp(a) (>125 nmol/L) face very high cardiovascular risk, with early events in 65% of women and 56% of men, in 316 Spanish patients (Clin Investig Arterioscler 2024)
- One in three Ghanaian ischaemic stroke survivors has elevated lipoprotein(a), linked to female sex, diabetes and urban residence (J Neurol Sci 2024)
- Chemotherapy may raise Lp(a) in breast cancer survivors, adding cardiovascular risk on top of cancer treatment, a review (Lipids Health Dis 2023)
- Young STEMI patients have nearly double the Lp(a) of middle-aged STEMI patients in a 287-patient single-centre study (Cardiovasc J Afr 2024)
- C-peptide outperforms Lp(a) as a cardiometabolic risk predictor in type 2 diabetes, a nested case-control study of 253 participants (PLoS One 2022)
- South Asians face premature cardiovascular disease compounded by elevated Lp(a), a systematic review of 72 articles calling for early, aggressive management (Curr Probl Cardiol 2021)
- Lp(a) value for predicting recurrent events in secondary prevention remains inconsistent, a critical appraisal addressing index event bias (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Lp(a) is not linked to cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplant, 271-patient single-center cohort (J Clin Lipidol 2026)
- Lp(a) correlates with coronary disease severity (SYNTAX score, r=0.36) in an Indian angiography cohort (Ann Afr Med 2026)
- Higher vitamin D is linked to lower Lp(a) in elite athletes, cross-sectional study of 773 (Nutrients 2026)
- Homocysteine and Lp(a) are elevated together in young-onset acute coronary syndrome, 75-patient Indian cross-sectional study (Cureus 2026)
- Lp(a) tracks coronary complexity mainly in patients under 45 with premature MI, Northeast Indian cohort of 100 (Maedica Bucur 2026)
- Lp(a) tracks with coronary disease in women but not men in a 220-patient hypercholesterolaemia cohort (Atheroscler Plus 2026)
- Uric acid and Lp(a) track with neurological damage severity in diabetic patients with penetrating-artery cerebral infarction (Pak J Pharm Sci 2026)
- Hepatic and renal function markers modulate Lp(a) variability in 153 dyslipidaemic cardiovascular patients (Front Cardiovasc Med 2026)
- In 347 Japanese ACS patients discharged alive after primary PCI, Lp(a) of 30 mg/dL or higher did not predict mid-term MACE (Int Heart J 2026)
- At a Bronx safety-net hospital, elevated Lp(a) tracked with HFpEF and higher LDL but not with other ASCVD risk factors in 78 tested patients (Heart Views 2025)
- Higher Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for type I cardiorenal syndrome in 269 coronary artery disease patients (Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2025)
- In 200 primary-care patients without cardiovascular disease, elevated Lp(a) tracked with neither more risk factors nor worse lipid parameters (J Clin Med 2024)
- In 130 Colombian outpatients, higher Lp(a) weakly but significantly correlated with less severe liver fibrosis (Cureus 2024)
- In patients referred for coronary angiography, elevated Lp(a) tracks with premature and multivessel coronary disease but not hypertension or obesity (Herz 2024)
- RDW, homocysteine and Lp(a) are independent risk factors for new-onset atrial fibrillation in 89 patients versus 88 controls (Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2024)
- Advanced age and higher HbA1c are linked to elevated Lp(a) in 600 cardiovascular disease patients, alongside associations with MACE and stroke (Ann Card Anaesth 2024)
- Higher Lp(a) is independently associated with diabetic nephropathy in 767 Han Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes, though discriminative value is modest (PLoS One 2024)
- Sustained high Lp(a) does not significantly increase in-stent restenosis or repeat PCI risk one year after coronary intervention, a retrospective study (Tex Heart Inst J 2024)
- Lipoprotein(a) levels do not differ in Graves' ophthalmopathy versus Graves' disease without eye involvement in 99 patients (Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2024)
Therapy 53
What can be done today.
- Hormone replacement therapy erases Lp(a) ability to predict cardiovascular risk in women, a study of 27,736 participants (J Am Coll Cardiol 2008)
- Estrogen plus progestin lowers Lp(a) and benefits women with high baseline Lp(a) most, the HERS trial of 2763 postmenopausal women (JAMA 2000)
- Extended dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 1 year cuts ischaemic events in ACS patients with elevated Lp(a), but not those with normal Lp(a), in 4,357 PCI patients (Cardiol J 2024)
- Pelacarsen does not alter platelet reactivity via thromboxane A2 or P2Y12 pathways in 275 patients on aspirin or dual antiplatelet therapy (J Thromb Thrombolysis 2023)
- Tibolone lowers Lp(a) by up to 29% depending on dose, a meta-analysis of 12 trials and 1009 postmenopausal women (Atherosclerosis 2015)
- The thyroid hormone drug eprotirome cuts LDL cholesterol by up to 31% and lowers Lp(a), a randomised trial of 98 patients (J Intern Med 2015)
- Full-dose almonds lower Lp(a) by 7.8% alongside oxidized LDL, a crossover trial of 27 people (Circulation 2002)
- Berberine lowers Lp(a) and apoB more in women than men, two randomised placebo-controlled trials (JACC Asia 2026)
- SGLT2 inhibitors slow CKD progression and raise Lp(a) normalisation in patients with elevated Lp(a), TriNetX cohort of 2,813 matched pairs (J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2026)
- Individualised, phenotype-guided dyslipidaemia management for stroke prevention, review covering Lp(a)-lowering agents (Int J Stroke 2026)
- The diabetes drug pioglitazone significantly lowers Lp(a), meta-analysis of 254 patients across 7 studies finds (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2025)
- Highly bioavailable curcumin formulations significantly reduce Lp(a), meta-analysis of randomized trials finds, contradicting fears it might raise levels (Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2025)
41 more in Therapy
- Aspirin cuts coronary and ASCVD mortality risk by about 50% in people with Lp(a) above 50 mg/dL, review of the evidence for primary prevention finds (Curr Atheroscler Rep 2025)
- Tamoxifen lowers Lp(a) by 3.35 mg/dL, with the effect nearly 40% stronger at doses of 20 mg/day or above, updated meta-analysis of RCTs finds (Endocrine 2025)
- Randomised trial finds niacin lowers Lp(a) by 11.4% and stabilises phosphorus and potassium in 50 hemodialysis patients (Front Med 2025)
- Meta-analysis of 11 trials finds medroxyprogesterone acetate raises Lp(a) while lowering ApoA-I in postmenopausal women (Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2025)
- Meta-analysis of 12 trials finds raloxifene lowers Lp(a) and ApoB while raising ApoA-I in postmenopausal women (Clin Ther 2024)
- Weight loss, red wine, exercise and trans fats each shift Lp(a) levels, a review of lifestyle effects on lipoprotein(a) (J Clin Med 2024)
- Elevated Lp(a) (>50 mg/dL) predicts failure to reach LDL-C targets in 870 patients with stable coronary artery disease (Clin Investig Arterioscler 2024)
- Tibolone lowers lipoprotein(a) by 7.49 mg/dL in postmenopausal women, a meta-analysis of 13 randomised trial arms (Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024)
- Aspirin may benefit primary prevention specifically in people with genetically elevated Lp(a), based on subgroup analyses of the Women Health Study and ASPREE (Curr Opin Lipidol 2023)
- Anti-oestrogen therapy lowers Lp(a) by 5.92% in postmenopausal women, a meta-analysis of 10 double-blind placebo-controlled trials (Endocrine 2023)
- Hormone therapy with 17beta-estradiol plus norethisterone lowers Lp(a) by 67.6 mg/L in postmenopausal women, a meta-analysis of RCTs (Exp Gerontol 2023)
- Adding orlistat to ethinyl-estradiol/drospirenone lowers Lp(a) in overweight PCOS patients, the first study of this combination, an RCT of 66 patients (Gynecol Endocrinol 2022)
- Bariatric surgery lowers circulating Lp(a), a meta-analysis of 1,551 patients across 13 studies (Biomed Res Int 2022)
- Flaxseed supplementation modestly lowers Lp(a), a meta-analysis of 6 randomised trials (Altern Ther Health Med 2021)
- Conjugated linoleic acid supplements raise Lp(a) by up to 26 mg/L, especially at higher doses over 6+ months, a meta-analysis of 752 subjects (Am J Cardiovasc Dis 2021)
- Soy isoflavones cut Lp(a) by 10% and raise HDL-C by 11.5% in peritoneal dialysis patients, an RCT of 40 patients (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020)
- Flaxseed supplementation lowers Lp(a) by 2.06 mg/dL, especially with longer treatment duration, a meta-analysis of 629 individuals across 7 trials (Phytother Res 2020)
- L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 emerge as the most promising Lp(a)-lowering supplements, a review of 152 articles (Clin Ther 2019)
- Ezetimibe modestly lowers Lp(a) by 7.06%, with no clear clinical relevance, a meta-analysis of 7 trials and 2337 patients (Drugs 2018)
- Soy isoflavones do not affect Lp(a) levels, a meta-analysis of 10 trials and 973 subjects (J Clin Lipidol 2018)
- Coffee lowers Lp(a) by up to 11 mg/dL short-term, but boiled coffee raises it long-term, a systematic review of 9 trials and 640 participants (Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018)
- Tamoxifen significantly lowers Lp(a), a meta-analysis of 5 studies and 215 participants (Drugs 2017)
- Raloxifene lowers Lp(a), with the effect fading over longer treatment duration, a meta-analysis of 7 trials in postmenopausal women (Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017)
- Oral hormone replacement therapy lowers Lp(a) by about 20%, but tibolone does not, a meta-analysis of 24 studies in postmenopausal women (Maturitas 2017)
- Extended-release niacin lowers Lp(a) by about 23% regardless of dose, a meta-analysis of 14 trials and 9013 patients (Metabolism 2016)
- Coenzyme Q10 modestly lowers Lp(a) but not other lipids, a meta-analysis of 7 trials and 409 patients (Pharmacol Res 2016)
- Oral L-carnitine lowers Lp(a) by 9 mg/dL, but intravenous administration does not, a meta-analysis of randomised trials (Sci Rep 2016)
- Garlic raises Lp(a) by 55% with long-term use over 12 weeks, though short-term use has no effect, a meta-analysis of 6 trials (Nutrition 2016)
- Vitamin C supplementation does not lower Lp(a), a randomised trial of 101 people over 8 months (Atherosclerosis 2000)
- Garlic supplements have no effect on Lp(a), a randomised trial of 50 hypercholesterolaemic patients (J Am Coll Cardiol 2000)
- Meta-analysis of RCTs finds tamoxifen modestly lowers Lp(a) alongside ApoB in women treated for breast cancer (Exp Gerontol 2024)
- Review finds bempedoic acid lowers LDL-C and hs-CRP well but has minimal effect on Lp(a) (Curr Opin Cardiol 2024)
- 42.5 g of mixed nuts daily for 16 weeks does not lower LDL-C or Lp(a), though it reduces body fat and blood pressure, an RCT in 29 overweight adults (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023)
- How much must Lp(a) fall to matter clinically? A critical overview of treatment targets, strategies and costs (Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022)
- Low-cost lifestyle coaching, not just costly drugs, could help manage cardiovascular risk in people with elevated Lp(a), a review of behavioural approaches (Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021)
- Replacing saturated fat with walnuts or vegetable oils improves cholesterol without raising Lp(a), a 34-person crossover trial (J Nutr 2020)
- Phytosterol supplements modestly lower Lp(a), a meta-analysis of 7 randomised trials (Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019)
- Lp(a) above 105 nmol/L flags cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease, but no targeted therapy yet exists, review (J Nephrol 2026)
- Adding enhanced external counterpulsation to cardiac exercise rehabilitation lowers Lp(a) in 122 coronary heart disease patients (Open Med (Wars) 2026)
- A 45-year-old with Lp(a) of 180 mg/dL and near-total coronary occlusion improved on intensive medical therapy alone when revascularisation wasn't feasible (Cureus 2025)
- A 10-day water-only fast followed by a whole-food, no-added-salt/oil/sugar diet cut Lp(a) by 39% in one patient, a case report (Front Nutr 2024)